mm 


BUSFOR 
STERiEU 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT    LOS  ANGELES 


A  SYLLABUS  FOR  THE 

HISTORY  OF  WESTERN 
EUROPE 

With  References  and  Review  Questions 

(based  on  robinson's  "introduction  to  the  history 
of  western  Europe") 


NORMAN  MACLAREN  TRENHOLME,  Ph.D.  (Harv.) 

Professor  of  History  in  the  University  of  Missouri 


Part  I 

THE   MIDDLE   AGES 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


Copyrigh  i ,  rgo7,  by 
N'okMAN    MACLAREN  TRENHOLME 

ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 
67.9 


Cbt    3  thcnfftim    JPrrsa 

CI  N\   &    COM  PA  NY  ■  PRO- 
PRIETORS  •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


33 


T7S 


PREFACE 

This  syllabus  was  originally  prepared  for  the  use  of  the  in- 
structors and  students  in  the  introductory  course  in  European 
history  in  the  University  of  Missouri.  In  this  course  a  "  discus- 
sion method  "  has  been  adopted,  and  each  hour  is  given  up  to 
the  informal  discussion,  by  the  instructor  and  the  class,  of  some 
important  topic.  The  students  are  responsible  for  the  prescribed 
work  in  the  text  and  in  the  Readings  (abridged  edition),  and 
also  for  at  least  one  selection  from  the  collateral  references  given 
in  the  syllabus.  They  are,  of  course,  encouraged  to  read  more, 
but  one  is  the  minimum.  Each  section  of  the  syllabus  covers 
work  for  one  hour's  discussion,  and  each  of  the  two  parts  repre- 
sents the  work  for  one  half  year. 

In  the  hope  of  aiding  the  student  as  much  as  possible  in  getting 
a  clear  grasp  of  the  course  and  connection  of  events,  the  topics 
have  been  very  fully  and  carefully  outlined  in  as  clear  and  con- 
nected a  manner  as  possible.  This  practice  makes  the  present 
syllabus  different  from  most  others  that  have  been  published,  in 
which  the  element  of  causation  and  connection  is  not  strongly 
emphasized.  It  also  differs  from  other  syllabi  in  that,  while  not 
following  Professor  Robinson's  book  slavishly,  it  is  based  for  the 
most  part  on  one  of  the  best  known  and  most  serviceable  accounts 
of  the  history  of  mediaeval  and  modern  times  that  has  appeared. 
The  writer  intends  his  syllabus  to  be  an  aid  to  the  study  of  the 
History  of  Western  Europe  and  the  Readings  in  European  His- 
tory, either  the  abridged  or  the  two-volume  edition. 

The  collateral  reading  references  do  not  pretend  to  be  exhaust- 
ive in  any  way,  but  merely  consist  of  works  that  the  writer  has 


220281 


found  by  actual  experience  to  be  useful  and  suitable  for  under* 
graduate  classes.  No  exhaustive  bibliograph)  for  the  mediaeval 
.1  has  been  attempted,  l>ui  foi  the  convenience  of  teachers 
and  students  a  brief  list  of  the  most  serviceable  reference  books, 
with  the  publisher  and  list  purr,  has  been  prefixed  to  the  sj  Halms. 
It  is  hoped  that  those  who  use  the  syllabus  t<>  anj  extent  will 
find  it  helpful  and  stimulating  towards  furthei  study  in  the  period 
with  which  it  deals.  The  review  questions,  which  occur  from 
time  to  time,  are  designed  to  stimulate-  the  student's  power  of 
orderly  thought  and  to  suggest  points  of 'comparison  and  ideas 
of  causation. 

As  in  many  institutions  the  larger,  or  two-volume,  edition  of 
the  Readings  is  used,  care  has  been  taken  to  include  among  the 
collateral  readings  references  to  this  edition. 

Norman  Maclaren  Trenholme 

I  lAMBRIDGE,    M  ISSACHI  SETTS 


SELECT  LIST   OF  REFERENCE  BOOKS 

Price 

Adams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages,  Scribners $2  50 

,  European  History,  Macmillan  Co 1  60 

,  Growth  o]  the  French  Nation,  Macmillan  Co 1   25 

Archer  and  Kingsford,  The  Crusades,  "Nations,"  Putnams 1  50 

Balzani,  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstauffen,  Longmans 80 

Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  "Nations,"  Putnams    1   50 

Bateson,  Mediaeval  England,  "Nations,"  Putnams 1   50 

Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediccval  Europe,  Holt 1   60 

Bourne,  Mediarval  and  Modem  History,  Longmans 1   50 

,  Teaching  oj  History  and  Civics,  Longmans 1   50 

Bryce,  The  Holy  Roman  Empire,  revised  ed.,  Macmillan  Co 1   50 

Cheyney,  Short  History  oj  England,  Ginn    1    50 

,  Industrial  and  Social  History  oj  England,  Macmillan  Go 1  40 

Church,  The  Beginnings  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  Longmans    1   00 

Coman  and  Kendall,  History  oj  England,  Macmillan  Co 1   25 

Compayre,  Abelard  and  the  Rise  oj  Universities,  Scribners 1   00 

Cox,  The  Crusades,  "Epochs,"  Longmans    1   00 

Cunningham,  Western  Civilization  in  Its  Economic  Aspects,  Vol.  II, 

"Modem  Civilization,"  Macmillan  Co 1   25 

Cunningham  and  McArthur,  Outlines  oj  Englisli  Industrial  History, 

Macmillan  Co 1   50 

Davis,  Charlemagne,  "Heroes,"  Putnams 1   50 

Dill,  Roman  Society  in  the  Last  Century  oj  the  Roman  Empire,  Mac- 
millan Co 2  00 

Duruy,  History  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  Holt    1   60 

,  History  oj  France,  ed.  by  Jameson,  Crowell 2  00 

Einhard,  Lije  oj  Charlemagne,  "  Harper's  School  Classics,"  American 

Book  Co 30 

Emerton,  Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,  Ginn 1    10 

,  Medieval  Europe,  Ginn 1   65 

Froissart,  Chronicles  oj  England  and  France,  trans  by  Bourchier,  Mac- 
millan Co 1  25 

Gardiner,  Student's  History  oj  England,  Longmans    3  00 

Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall  oj  the  Roman  Empire,  best  ed.,  by  Bury, 

Macmillan  Co.,  7  vols.,  $14.00,  abridged  ed.,  Amer.  Book  Co 1   25 

Gibbins,  History  oj  Commerce  in  Europe,  Macmillan  Co 90 

Gilman,  The  Saracens,  " Nations,"  Putnams     1   50 

Green,   Short  History  oj  the  English  People,  Amer.  Book  Co 1   20 

Harding,  Essentials  in  Medicrval  and  Modem  History,  Amer.  Book  Co.  1   50 

Harnack,  Monasticism,  Little,  Brown 1  25 


Trice 

II,  The  Fn                             I  Peoples,"  Appleton    Si  50 

Henderson,  Germany  in  Ike  Middle  Ages,  M;n  millan  Co •  60 

ryoj  Germany,  2  vols,  in  one,  Macmillan  Co 2  50 

■ ,  Historical  Documents  of  the  Middle  Ages,  Macmillan  Co 1  00 

Hodgkin,  Dynasty  0)  Theodosius,  Clarendon  Tress 1  50 

,  Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  8  vols.,  Clarendon  Press 36  00 

tic  the  Ostrogoth,  "  Heroes,"  Putnams 1  50 

,  Charles  the  Great,  "Foreign  Statesmen,"  Macmillan  Co 75 

iming  oj  the  Friars,  Putnams i    25 

Johnson,  The  Normans  in  Europe,  Longmans 1  00 

Kingslcy,  Rom, in  and  Teuton,  Macmillan  Co 1   25 

Poole,  Saladin,  "  Heroes,"  Putnams 1  50 

Laurie,    The  Rise  and  Constitution  oj  I  'niversities,  Appleton 1   50 

I      .  Superstition  and  Force  in  the  Middle  Ages,  Lea  Bros.  (Phila.)  ..  2  75 

Lea,  History  oj  the  Inquisition,  Harpers,  3  vols 6  00 

Lodge,  Close  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  '"Periods,"  Macmillan  Co 1    40 

M<  i  labe,  Peter  Abelard,  Putnams 2  00 

n,  Mediaval  France,  "  Nations,"  Putnams 1  50 

Milman,  History  oj  Latin  Christianity,  q  vols.  (London) 11   00 

Mombert,  History  of  the  Crusades,  Appleton 1   50 

Monroe,  .1  History  oj  Education,  Macmillan  Co 2  00 

Moore,  Development  of  Gothic  Architecture,  Macmillan  Co 4  5° 

Munro,  History  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  Appleton 80 

Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediaval  Civilization  (Extracts),  Century  Co.  ...  1   25 

Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  ( linn 1    10 

1,  The  Park  Ages,  "Periods,"  Macmillan  ('<> 1    75 

— ,  The  Art  oj  War   -  the  Middle  Ages,  Putnams 4   50 

,  England  and  the  Hundred   Years  War,  "Oxford  Manuals," 

Scribners  5° 

Pastor,  History  of  the  Popes,  6  vols.,  Herder  (St.  Louis) iS  00 

Pennsylvania,  Translations  and  Reprints,  7  vols.,  Longmans 10  50 

Ploetz,  Epitome o)  Mediaval  and  Modem  History,  Houghton,  Mifflin  3  00 

Putzger,  Historischer  Schul  Atlas,  Velhagen  &  Klassing,  Leipsic  ....  1  00 

Rashdall,  The  Universities  of  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  3  vols 14  00 

Robinson,  History  oj  Western  Europe,  Ginn    1  60 

,  Readings  in  European  History,  2  vols.,  Ginn 3  00 

,  Readings  (Abridged  edition),  (linn 1    50 

Sahatier,  St.  Francis  oj  A  ssissi,  Scribners 2   50 

.Ik >s.  The  Feudal  Regime,  ed.  by  Dow,  Holt     50 

Sergeant,  The  Franks,  "  Nations,"  Putnams    1   50 

Smith,  The  Troubadours  at  I  tome,  2  vols.,  Putnams 6  00 

Stephens  (W.  R.  W.),  Hildebrand  and  His  Times,  Longmans 80 

Stoddard,  Bcrtrand  du  Guesclin,  Putnams 1   50 

Taylor,  The  Classical  Heritage  of  the  Middle  Ages,  Macmillan  Co 1  75 

That*  her  and  M<  Neal,  Source  Book  for  Mediaval  History,  Scribners. .  1  85 

Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  Scribners 2  00 

Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  "Periods,"  Macmillan  Co 1   75 

I  'hlhorn,  Conflict  oj  Christianity  with  Heathenism,  Scribners    2  50 

Van  Dyke,  Age  oj  the  Renasence,  Scribners     2  00 


Price 

West  (A.  F.),  Alcuin  and  the  Rise  oj  Christian  Schools,  Scribners $i  oo 

West  (W.  M.),  Modem  History,  Allyn  &  Bacon i  5o 

Whitcomb,  History  oj  Modern  Europe,  Appleton i  oo 

Wishart,  Monks  and  Monasteries,  Brandt  (Trenton,  N.J.) I    ^ 

Zimmern  The Hansa  Towns,  "Nations,"  Putnams     i   50 


SYLLABUS  FOR  THE  HISTORY  OF  WESTERN 
EUROPE. 


PART  I.      THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 

The   Historical  Point  of  View  and   the   Sources   of 
Historical  Knowledge. 

A.     Outline. 

(i)  The  historical  point  of  view. 

i.  Definition  of  history.  Broad  scope  of  European 
history. 

2.  Historical  mindedncss.  Sympathy  with  the  life  of 
the  past. 

3.  So-called  Periods  of  History  and  their  weakness.  Es- 
sential unity  and  continuity  of  historical  development. 

4.  Meaning  and  significance  of  the  terms  Middle  Ages 
and  Dark  Ages. 

(2)  The  sources  of  historical  knowledge. 

~r\.  Division  of  historical  literature  into — (a)  Primary  or 
original  sources;  (b)  Secondary  works,  and  (c)  Third- 
hand  accounts  or  worse. 
y  2.  Repetition  the  foe  to  accuracy  and  responsible  for 
myths  and  legends  in  history.  Need  of  questioning 
and  criticism. 

3.  Advantages  of  using  original  sources  to  some  extent 
in  the  study  of  history — (a)  Greater  vividness  and 
interest;   (b)  Greater  truth  and  fairer  judgments. 

4.  Present  facilities  for  the  use  of  original  sources  in 
history. 


B,     Referent  < 
(\}  Prescribed     Robinson,  Western  Europe,  Ch.  I;  Readings,  Ch.  I. 
Collateral       I  merton,    Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,  pp.   xi- 

w  iii 

Adams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages,  Ch.  I. 
Bourne,  Teaching  o)  History  and  Ci         CI      III. 
Selei  i  Committee  Report,  Historical  Sources  in  Schools, 

pp.  .  -17. 
Fling,  Studies  in  European  History,  9-32. 
Thatcher  and  Si  hwill,  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  1   5. 

II.     The  Strength    \\i>  Wi  vkness  of    the  Later   Roman 

Empire. 
.!.     (hit!  inc. 
1 1 )  Extenl  and  character  of  the  Roman  Empire.     Boundaries 
and  peoples. 

(2)  The  strength  of  the  Empire.     Five  great  bonds  of  union. 

1.  The  highly  centralized  and  efficient  imperial  govern- 
ment 

2.  A  common  state  religion.     Worship  of  the  emperor  as 
a  deity. 

3.  A  universal  system  of  law — the  great  Roman  law. 

4.  Common  material  civilization   —roads,  bridges,  coins, 
weights  and  measures  etc. 

5.  A     common     educational    system,     Graeco-Roman, 
throughout  the  Empire. 

(3)  Impression   of  permanence  created   by  the  great   Roman 
world  state. 

(4)  Loss  of  energy  and  self-reliance  by  Romans  and  decline  in 
prosperity  due  to  — 

1.  Oppressive  taxes  and  exactions.     The  land  tax  and 
its  effe<  t. 

2.  General  use  of  slave  instead  of  free  labor.     Classes  of 
slaves. 

3.  Rapid  decline  in  the  Roman  population. 

4.  Large  infiltration  of  Germans  as  coloni  and  legionaries. 

B.    References. 

d)  Prescribed— Robinson,  Western  Europe,  S-17;  Readings,  15-17. 

(2)  Collateral  — Adams,  Civilization  Diirinq  the  Middle  Ages,  Ch.II. 
^Biyce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  Ch.  II;  (Ch.  IV,  76-88). 
Botsford,  History  <>j  Rome,  285-288,  3.35-347- 
Cunningham,  Western  Civilization,  I,  179-195. 


^  Bemont  and  Mdnod,  Medieeval  Europe,  1-14. 

Dill    Roman  Society  in  the  Last  Century  oj  the  Empire, 
Bks.  II  and  III. 

Duruy,  -History  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  1-8. 
S  Emerton,  .Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,  Chs.  I,  II. 
y  Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediaeval  Civilization,  18-49. 
^Bury,  Later  Roman  Empire,  I,  Chs.  III-IV. 

Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall  oj  the  Roman  Empire,  Ch.  17. 

Hodgkin,    Italy  and  Her  Invaders,  II,  Ch.  IX. 

Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints,  VI,  No.  4. 
^  Robinson,  Readings  in  European  Hislory,Vo\.  I,  28-33. 

III.     Culture  and  Religion  of  the  -Later  Roman  Empire 

and  the  Rise  of  the  Christian  Church. 

A.     Outline. 

(1)  Decline  in  art  and  literature.  Absence  of  great  writers. 
Compendiums. 

(2)  Higher  ideals  of  conduct.  The  Stoic  philosophers  and 
their  teachings.     Preparation  for  Christianity. 

(3)  The  promises  of  Christianity.  Resemblances  between 
thoughtful  paganism  and  Christianity.  Merging  of  Chris- 
tian and  pagan  ideals.  Boethius'  "  Consolation  of  Philos- 
ophy." 

(4)  The  rise  of  the  Christian  Church. 

1.  Organization  of  the  primitive  or  apostolic  Church. 
Bishops,  presbyters,  and  deacons.  Need  of  church 
government. 

2.  Bishop  Cyprian  (d.  258)  on  "The  Unity  of  the 
Church." 

3.  Clergy  and  laity.  Growth  in  church  organization. 
Archbishops. 

4.  The  Church  and  the  Roman  Emperors: — (a)  Galerius 
and  the  Edict  of  311  A.  D.;  (b)  Constantine  and  the 
Council  of  Nicaea  (325  A.  D.);  (r)  The  Church  in  the 
Theodosian  Code  (438  A.  D.). 

5.  The  continuity  of  the  Church  as  an  institution  from 
ancient  to  mediaeval  times.  Her  services  to  civiliza- 
tion. 

(5)  Division  of  the  Roman  Empire  into  Eastern  and  Western 
halves. 

1.  The  founding  of  Constantinople  (330  A.  D.)  and  the 
division  by  Theodosius  the  Great  (395  A.  D.).     The- 
ory of  imperial  unity. 
3 


Continuity  of  Roman  Imperial  Government  at  Con- 
stantinople to  1453.     Oriental  character  of  this  Ea  1 
tin  or  <  '.reck  Empire. 
riu-  ( ii  v  1 'i  Constantinople  and  her  place  in  <  ivilization. 

/•'.     A\  1  1,  rti  es. 

Prescribed      Robinson,  Western  Europe,  17    14;   Readings,  g   1^. 
Collateral       1  merton,  Introduction  to  the  Middle    [ges,  92-1 
Dill,  Roman  Society,  Hks.  1.  and  V. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall  (ed.  Hum)    Ch.  28,  III.  t88- 

215. 

\dams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages  Ch.  111. 

Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History  Vol.  I,  14-^7 

Taylor,  Classical  Heritage  «]  the  Middle  Ages,  Ch.  II. 

ig,  Universal  Church  History,    I,    15   51,    1  ;6   144, 

2-0  285,     (<>r  any  other  j^< >< ><  1  stand. nil  church  his- 

Uhlhorn,   Conflict    «j    Christianity    with    Heathenism, 
especially  Ilk.  I,  Chs.  II -II  I,   Bk.   II,  Ch.  Ill,  and 

pp.  P7    ill 
West,  The  Ancient  World.  440-457,  464    i<>7.  171-475. 

IV.    The  German  Invasions  and  thi    Fall  of  the   Empire 

i.\  THE   Wist. 

.1.     Outline. 

(1)  The  Visigoths  and  the  Huns  in  the  Empire. 

1.  Success  of  the  Roman  government  in  holding  the 
frontiers. 

2.  Pressure  from  the  Huns  forces  the  Goths  westward 
across  the  Danube.  Adrianople  (37S)  and  its  sig- 
nificance. 

3.  The  career  of  Alaric  in  Greece  and  Italy.     Fall  of 

Rome  (4  10). 

4.  The  West  Gothic  kingdom  in  Southern  Gaul  and 
Spain. 

5.  Attila  and  the  Huns  in  Europe.  Chalons  (451).  His 
invasion  of  Italy  and  the  founding  of  Venice. 

(2)  Movements  of  other  barbarian  tribes  —  Vandals,  Burgun- 

dians,  etc-.       (See  map  of   the    migrations,  Robinson, 
pp.  26-7.) 
The  Germans  in  Italy. 

1.  The  dynasty  of  Theodosius  in  the  West.  Puppet 
emperors. 

4 


>  2.  Revolt  of  the  German  mercenaries  under  Odoacer 
(476).     The  last  of  the  emperors  in  the  West. 

3.  Theodoric  the  Ostrogoth  and  his  conquest  of  Italy 

(493)- 

4.  The  East  Goths  in  Italy  and  their  attitude  toward 
Roman  institutions.  Theodoric's  reign  at  Ravenna 
(493-526).     The  religious  difficulty  in  Italy. 

>  (4)  The  chief  Germanic  kingdoms  of  the  early  sixth  century. 

(Map  p.  31  of  Robinson.) 
-  (5)  Low  state  of  culture.     Boethius  and  Cassiodorus  (d.  575). 
Reasons    for    the    lack    of   learning    for    three    centuries. 
Gregory  of  Tours. 
(6)  The  Imperial  Reaction  under  Justinian  (527-565)  and  the 
■p-    subsequent  establishment  of  Lombard  power  in  Northern 
Italy. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  25-34;   Readings,  19-27. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages,  65-76. 

Bemont  and  Monod,  MedicBval  Europe,  33-62,  99-119 
Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  Ch.  III. 
Dill,  Roman  Society,  285-302,  303-345. 
Duruy,  History  of  the  Middle  Ages,  16-27,  34_4°- 
Emerton,  Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,  22-59. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  in  Vols.  Ill,  IV,  and  V. 
Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  15-40. 
Hodgkin,  Dynasty  oj  Theodosius,  Lectures  III— VII. 

,  Theodoric  the  Goth. 

Kingsley,  Roman  and  Teuton,  Lectures  III-VII. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  15-21,  25-26. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediceval  Civilization,  50-59. 
Oman,  The  Dark  Ages,  1-32,  76-88,  96-106,  181-191. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  35- 

51- 

Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  25-46,  62-66,  78- 

83- 

Thatcher  and  McNeal,   Source  Book,    11-14. 

V.    The  Franks  and  the  Mingling  of  Races  and  Insti- 
tutions. 

A.     On  /line. 
(1)  The  early  history  of  the  Franks. 

7     1 .  Reasons  for  the  importance  of  the  Franks  in  history. 
■      2.  Method  of  Frankish  conquest  and  extension  of  power. 

5 


i  ;-:   5  n)  and  his  successes  against  the  Romans 

Uemanni  (496),  Burgundians, and  Wesl  Goths. 
His  <  onversion  n>  orthodox  Roman  Christianity. 

4.  1  rregory  of  Tours'  "1  listory  of  the  Franks." 

5.  The  Successors  of  Clovis.  Division  of  territory  and 
family  quarrels  among  the  Merovingians. 

6.  Great  extent  of  the  Frankish  kingdoms  in  the  sixth 
century.  Division  into  Neustria,  Austrasia,  and  Bur 
gundy. 

7.  Union  of  Frankish  territory  under  I  >agobert  (628  -6 j8). 
The  Frankish  nobility  and  the  rise  of  the  Mayors  of 
the  Palace.    The  later  Merovingians  ("rois  faineants"). 

8.  Pippin  of  Landen  and  his  successors  to  Charles  Martel 
(7-4). 

(2)  The  mingling  of  races  and  institutions. 

1.  Lack  of  definite  information  as  to  the  relations  of 
Romans  and  Germans  after  the  invasions. 

2.  Small  number  of  invaders  made  the  mingling  of  the 
two  races  easier.  Evidence  that  the  Germans  were  a 
minority. 

3.  Adoption  of  spoken  Latin  by  the  Germans  leads  to 
the  formation  of  the  Romance  languages,  in  part. 

4.  No  antipathy  between  races  save  on  religious  grounds. 

5.  The  Roman  and  the  German  law.  The  "  Laws  of  the 
Barbarians."     Territoriality  and  Personality  of  law. 

>  6.  Prevalence  of  Germanic  law  during  the  Middle  Ages. 
The  various  forms  of  trial — (a)  Compurgation;  (/>) 
Wager  of  Battle;   (c)  Ordeal. 

(3)  The  task  of  the  Middle  Ages  to  develop  civilization  and 
culture  out  of  barbarism  with  the  aid  of  Roman  survivals. 
The  accomplishment  of  this  task  and  its  relation  to  modern 
civilization. 

B.    References. 

(1)  Prescribed       Robinson,  Western  Europe,  34—43;  Readings,  27-31. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Emerton,  Introduction  /«  the  Middle  Ages,  62-<n. 

Adams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages,  89-106, 

i37-'49- 
Adams,  Growth  0)  the  French  Nation,  22-38. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediceval  Europe,  63-98,  167- 

172. 

6 


Duruv,  Middle  Ages,  2S-34,  54-70,  105-106. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  Vol.  IV,  Ch.  38. 
Henderson,  Short  History  0}  tier  many,  t— 21. 
Oman,  The  Dark  Ages,  55-64,  89-127,  158^80,  256- 

265. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  21-24,  60-72. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  i-ri,  14-37,  3§8- 

397,  400-410. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Europe  in  the  Middle  Ages,  85- 

I02.  5°-55- 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediceval  Civilization,  60-86. 
Henderson,   Historical  Documents,  169-170,   176-189, 
268-269,  314-3 19. 
Pennsylvania     Translations    and    Reprints,    Vol.    IV, 

No.  4. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  51-61. 
Lea,  Superstition  and  Force,  Chs.  II,  III. 

Review  Questions  on  Topics  I-V  of  the  Outline. 

(1)  Define  "History"  and  illustrate  its  breadth  and  scope.     What  aspects 

of  European  History  are  best  worth  studying  ? 

(2)  What  attitude  towards  the  past  should  historical  students  adopt? 

(3)  Discuss  the  periodic  division  of  history  and  comment  on  its  inherent 

weakness.     What  is  meant  by  the  unity  or  continuity  oj  history? 

(4)  Explain  or  comment  on :     "Middle  Ages"  and  Dark  Ages;"   "Primary" 

and  "Secondary"  Sources. 

(5)  Why  should  original  sources  be  used  in  studying  history  as  well  as  text- 

books?    What  facilities  now  exist  for  the  use  of  sources? 
n. 

(1)  What  modern  European  countries  were  embraced  in  the  Roman  Empire, 

and  what  were  the  boundaries  of  the  empire  to  the  east  and  north- 
east? 

(2)  Name  the  bonds  of  union  holding  the  Roman  Empire  together.     Which 

of  these  was  the  most  important  in  your  estimation,  and  why? 

(3)  Discuss  the  reasons  for  the  decline  and  fall  of  Roman  imperial  power 

and  the  break-up  of  the  empire  in  the  West. 

(4)  Explain  or  comment  on:      "Roman  taxation  ";    Roman  slaves  and  villa 

life;    Freedmen  and  coloni;    Salvian. 

III. 

(1)  Give  some  examples  illustrating  the  decline  in  art  and  literature  of  the 

later  empire.     What  unworthy  heritage  was  left  to  the  Middle  Ages? 

(2)  What  trend  is  observable  in  higher  pagan  .thought  under  the  Empire? 

Of  what   form   of  philosophy    are    Seneca,    Epictetus,    and    Marcus 
Aurelius  the  exponents,  and  what  do  they  take  as  their  texts  ? 

(3)  What  new  hopes  and  promises  did  Christianity  bring  to  the  world? 

Comment  on  the  statement  that  "the  new  religion  was  much  modified 
by  the  pagan  ideas  of  those  who  accepted  it." 

(4)  Outline  the  course  of  church  organization  during  the  period  of  Roman 

imperial  influence,  noting  the  growth  in  unity  and  corporateness. 

7 


!  xplain  or  comment  on:  St  Cyprian;  Boethius;  Founding  of  t  on 
stantinople;  (eastern  or  Greek  Empire;  Edict  of  Milan;  Theodosian 
Code. 

IV. 

(\)  Discuss  the  the  westward  movemenl  of  the  barbarian  tribes 

into  the  Roman  Empire,  and  follow  the  fortunes  of  the  Visigoths  in  the 
West.  Wh.it  people  bad  preceded  them  in  Spain,  and  whither  « 1  i •  1 
tln\ 

Why  was  Attila  called  "the  scourge  of  God?"  What  were  the  chief 
events  in  connection  with  the  Hunnish  invasions  of  1^1    | 

■  . ive  an  account  of  the  Germanic  occupation  of  Italy  and  the  imperial 
reaction  under  Justinian.  What  people  then  conquered  part  of  Italy, 
and  why  was  their  partial  conquest  significant  historically? 

I  xplain  or  comment  on:      Galla  Placidia;   Genseric;    Arians;    Ca 
dorus;  N arses;  Ammianus  Marcellinus. 

v. 

1 1  i  How  does  the  early  history  of  the  Franks  differ  from  that  of  the  other 
Germanic  peoples,  and  why  are  the  Franks  of  greater  historical  im- 
portant e  ? 
i  "itline  the  political  history  of  the  Franks  from  Clovis  to  Dagobert. 

I  j)  I  >i-i  uss  the  origin  and  development  of  the  office  of  "Mayor  of  the  l'al- 
lat  e"  under  the  Merovingians,  and  show  how  the  foundations  of  ( !arol- 
ingian  power  were  laid.  Who  is  the  great  source  for  early  Frankish 
history? 

(i)  Why  were  the  Germans  so  readily  assimilated  with  the  Roman  popu- 
lation? What  were  the  relations  of  the  two  races  as  regards  lan- 
guage and  law  ? 

(5)  Comment  on:     Germanic  modes  of  trial;  The  task  of  the  Middle  Ages. 


VI.    The  Rise  of  the  Papacy. 
A.     Outline. 
(i)  The  historical  importance  of  the  Mediaeval  Church  and  its 
gradual  growth  in  unity  and  catholicity. 

(2)  Important  aspects   of  early  church   history.      The   chief 
sources  of  its  power  and  influence  in  Western  Europe. 

1.  It  adapted  itself  to  the  needs  of  the  time. 

2.  In  contrast  with  paganism  it  emphasized  the  life  after 
death.     Effect  of  the  idea  of  "other-worldliness." 

3.  It  claimed  to  be  the  one  agent  of  salvation. 

4.  It  claimed  to  perform  miracles  through  the  Saints,  and 
these  claims  were  rarely  doubted. 

(3)  Relations  of  the  Church  and  the  civil   government  during 
the  break-up  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

1.  Church  at  first  under  the  imperial  government. 

2.  Weakness  of  the  civil  government  in  the  west  causes 
the  Church  to  seek  independence.  Statement  of 
Gelasius  I  (d.  496). 

3.  Assumption  by  the  Church  of  functions  formerly 
exercised  by  the  civil  government  in  preserving  law 
and  order. 

(4)  The  origin  and  growth  of  the  Roman  Papacy. 

1.  No  formal  recognition  of  Roman  headship  in  early 
records. 

2.  Claims  to  prestige  and  prominence  of  the  Roman 
Church  based  on  the  theory  of  Petrine  supremacy 
and  foundation. 

3.  The  Roman  Church  as  a  mother  church  in  the  west. 
Lack  of  definite  evidence  as  to  the  powers  of  the 
Bishop  of  Rome. 

4.  Pope  Leo  the  Great  (440-461)  and  the  edict  of 
Valentinian  III  (445).  Council  of  Chalcedon  (451) 
and  the  rivalry  of  Rome  and  Constantinople.  Im- 
portance of  Leo's  claims. 

5.  Duties  that  developed  upon  the  successors  of  Leo  in 
connection  with  the  government  of  Rome  and  the 
affairs  of  Italy. 

6.  The  pontificate  of  Gregory  the  Great  (590-604). 
Events  of  Gregory's  earlier  life.  His  election  as  Pope 
and  the  transition  at  Rome.     His  position  as  a  writer 

9 


and  as  a  statesman  and  administrator.     Ili    foreign  re- 
lations and  missions. 

/>'.    Rejeren 
Prescribed     Robinson,  Western  Europe,  \\  55;  Readings,  33-40. 
[lateral       ^dams,  Civilization  During  lite  Middle  Ages,  107    1  ;t. 
Emerton,  Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,  92—113. 
Barry,  The  l\ipal  Monarchy,  1 

■it  and  Monod,  Mediaval  Europe,   15    [8,   [19 
124. 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  10S-111,  113-117. 
Henderson,  Historical  Documet 

g,  Church  History,  I,  [95—206. 
Schaff,  Chureh  History,  I,  Ch.  X. 
Oman,  Dark  Ages,  198— 2<  .  '  the  Great). 

Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  1^0-1^5. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  62-85. 
Thafc  hrr  and  Schwill,   Middle  Ages,   230-24:;. 
Thatcher  ami  McNeal,  Source  Book,  82  <).•. 
Milman,  History  oj  Latin  Christianity,  15k.  Ill,  Chs. 

II.  VII. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall  (ed.   Bury),   Vol.  V,   25-32 
{Gregory  the  Great). 


VII.     Tin    Monks  of  the  West  and  Their  Missions 

Among  the  Germans. 

.1.     Outline. 

(1)  Importance  of  the  monks  as  a  class  in  the  history  of  Europe. 
2  The  reasons  for  the  prevalence  of  monasticism.  The  mon- 
astic attitude  of  mind  and  the  refuge  afforded  various 
1  lasses  by  monasteries. 

(3)  The  origin  and  growth  of  monastic  ism  in  western  Europe. 

1.  Early  monastic  communities  in  Egypt  and  the  east. 
St.  Jerome. 

2.  Founding  of  monasteries  in  the  west  in  the  later  fifth 
and  early  sixth  centuries.     Need  of  rule-. 

3.  The  rule  of  St.  Benedict  at  Monte  Cassino  (526),  and 
it-,  general  adoption  by  other  monasteries,  [ts  pro- 
visions. 

4.  Great  influence  of  the  Benedictines  on  history.  Their 
contribution  to  education  and  scholarship. 

5.  The  monks  as  laborers,  model  farmers,  and  enter- 
tainers. 


— t  6.  Place  of  the  monks  in  the  Church.     Relations  with 
Pope.     Regular  and  secular  clergy  and  their  respective 
functions. 
(4)  The  monks  as  missionaries  to  the  German  tribes. 

1.  The  service  rendered  the  Pope  and  the  Church  by 
missions. 

2.  The  conversion  of  England  to  Roman  Christianity. 

(a)  Celtic  and  Roman  Britain.     British  Christians. 

(b)  Invasions  and  conquest  of  Britain  by  the  Eng- 
lish tribes  in  the  fifth  century.  Tribal  king- 
doms. 

•y  (c)  Gregory  the  Great's  mission  under  Augustine 
(596).  Progress  of  Roman  Christianity. 
Northumbria. 

((/)  The  Irish  Church  and  its  leaders.  The  con- 
flict in  Northumbria  and  the  victory  of  Rome  at 
Whitby  (664). 

(e)  Early  Christian  culture  in  northern  England. 
Great  English  monasteries.  The  Venerable 
Bede  (673-735). 

3.  The  missions  among  the  Germans  on  the  Continent. 

(a)  The  work  of  the  Irish  missionaries,  St.  Colum- 
ban  and  St.  Gall,  in  Gaul,  Germany,  and 
northern  Italy. 

(b)  The  work  of  St.  Boniface,  the  papal  apostle  to 
the  Germans  (718).  His  success  in  unifying 
the  German  Church  and  bringing  it  under 
papal  control. 

(r)  His  work  as  Archbishop  of  Mayence  (732)  in 
establishing  bishoprics  and  organizing  and 
reforming  the  Frankish  churches.  The  church 
of  Gaul  and  the  Pope. 

B.     Rcjerences. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  56-66;  Readings,  41-57. 

(2)  Collateral  — Adams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages,  131-136, 

I51!  23l~32- 
Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  56-62. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  124-132,  175- 
,  i/9- 
Emerton,  Introduction    to    the  Middle  Ages,    130-132, 

I35~I49.  r54-iS7>  161-162. 


Henderson,  Historical  Documents  «]  the  Middlt 

;- 1    ;i  i  (  Rule  oj  St.  Benedict). 
Mui>.  Middle  ,  \,  36  i$. 

Bourne,  Mediaval  ana  Modern  Histot 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  tn    n.;.  115. 
M  inro  and  Sellery,  Mediaval  Civilisation,   ha    L36. 
Kjngsley,  Roman  and  Teuton,  Lectures  VIII  IX. 
Il.im.uk,  Monasticism   {Eastern  and  Western    Monas- 

//( ism). 
Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  Bk.    [II,  Ch.  VI,  Bk.    tV, 

Chs.  III.  IV.  V. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  93  95,  1.33    192. 
Thatcher  and  Schwil],  Middle  Age  s,   ;i':    $28,238  242, 

68  71. 
Gibbon,   Decline  and  Fall,   VoL    IV,   Ch.    XXXVII, 

(Bury  ed.,  57-75). 
Taylor,  Classical  Heritages  <>j   the  Middle  Aqrs,  Ch. 

VII. 
Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints,  II,  Nos.  4,  7. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  N0- 

113- 

\  III.    The  Accession  of  Charles  Martel  and  the  Expan- 
sion ok  Arabian  Power  Into  Wimikx  Europe. 
.1.     Outline. 

(1)  Conditions  in  the  Frankish  state  when  Charles  Martel  be 
came  Mayor  of  the  I'alace.  The  problem  of  the  mediaeval 
ruler. 

1.  The  Frankish  counts  and  dukes.  Origin  of  their 
titles  and  character  of  their  functions.  Charles  Mar- 
tel's  success  in  quelling  local  insurrections. 

2.  Chark-s  Mattel's  control  of  the  Frankish  bishops  and 
abbots.  Powers  of  appointment  and  deposition. 
Secular  character  and  habits  of  the  leaders  in  the 
Church. 

(2)  The  rise  and  spread  of  Mohammedanism. 

1.  Mohammed,  the  prophet  of  a  new  faith  (571-632). 
Conditions  in  Arabia  before  his  coming  and  the  effect 
of  his  work. 

2.  Story  of  Mohammed's  life.  The  Hejira  (622).  Con- 
version of  Arabia  to  Islamism;  Mecca  and  Medina. 

3.  The  origin  and  character  of  the  Koran.  Its  teachings 
and  their  relation  to  older  forms  of  religious  belief. 

4.  Comparison  of  Mohammedanism  with  Christianity. 


-^     5.  Extension  of  Mohammedan  power  under  the  early 
caliphs. 

(a)  Eastward  and  northward.     Persian  and  Greek 

lands. 
ili)  Westward.     Syria,  Egypt,  and  northern  Africa. 

6.  Conquest  of  the  West  Gothic  kingdom  in  Spain  (711- 
718). 

7.  Arab  invasions  of  Frankish  territory  and  the  great 
Mohammedan  defeat  at  Tours  (732).  Significance 
of  this  battle. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  67-72;    Readings,    58-61 

{Kara  11 ) . 

(2)  Collateral  —  Emerton,  Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,  120-129. 

Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediceval  Europe,  135-158,  170- 

172. 
Adams,  European  History,  153-160;  Civilization,  149— 

151- 

Bourne,  Meducval  and  Modern  History,  46-49. 

Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  71-90,  106-108. 

Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  Chs.  50,  51  (Bury  cd.,  311- 
494)- 

Gilman,  Story  oj  the  Saracens,  Chs.  6,  7,   15,  23,  24. 

Lane-Poole,  Story  oj  the  Moors,  Chs.  1-3. 

Lane-Poole,  Speeches  and  Table  Talk  oj  Mohammed. 

Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  87-106. 

Oman,  The  Dark  Ages,  265-271,  289-299. 

Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  114- 
120. 

Carlyle,  Heroes  and  Hero  Worship,  "The  Hero  as 
Propliet." 

The  Koran,  editions  by  Sale,  Palmer,  etc. 

Articles  in  Encyclopedia  Brittaniai  and  New  Inter- 
national Encyclopedia  on  Mohammedanism,   etc. 

IX.  The   Sons   of    Charles  Martel  and  the  Assumption 
of  the  Prankish  Crown  by  Pippin  the  Short. 
A.     Outline. 
(1)   Pippin  and  Carloman  as  Mayors  of  the  Palace.     Carlo- 
man's  abdication. 
—  (2)  The  assumption  of  the  crown  by  Pippin   in  751.       Part 
played  by  the   Pope.       Double   character,   elective    right 
and  divine  right,  of  his  kingship. 

(3)  Relations  of  the  Frankish  rulers  and  the  Popes,  and  the 

13 


use  oi  iheir  alliance.     Position  of  the   Papacy  in   the 
eighth  century. 

i.  Quarrel  between  the  Papacy  and  the  Greek  Emperor 
Leo  111  (725)  over  image  worship-  the  tconoda  tit 
Controversy. 

Strained  relations  of  the  Papacy  and  the  Lombards. 
Aistulf  takes  Ravenna  and  threatens  Rome.  Danger 
to  the  Papacy  of  a  united  Italy. 

3.  Pope  Stephen's  visit  i<>  Pippin  and  the  first  Frankish 
expedition  to  Italy  (75.}).  Renewal  of  the  Lombard 
attack  forces  the  Pope  to  again  ask  aid.  His  argu- 
ments effective. 

4.  The  donation  of  Pippin  and  its  significance  for  later 
Italian  history. 

(4)  Pippin's  later  reign  (756-768)  all('  the  general  importance 
of  his  work. 

1.  Strengthening  of  the  royal  power  in  the  Prankish  state 
by  the  overthrow  of  local  dukes.     Basis  for  future  ex 
pansion. 

2.  First  instance  of  interference  of  northern  ruler  in  Ital- 
ian politics.    Beginning  of  new  and  Lasting  connections. 

}.  Creation  of  a  papal  state  in  Italy  of  great  importance 
and  permanence. 

(5)  (  me  sided  view  of  new  relations  with  Rome  taken  by  Pippin 
and  by  Charlemagne.  Development  of  papal  imperial 
power  not  foreseen. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  72-76;    Readings,  61-63. 

(2)  Collateral —  Emerton,  Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,   151-179. 

Barrv,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  Chs.    IV,  Y. 

Bemont  and  MEonod,  Medioeval  Europe,  172-179. 

Duruv,  Middle  Ages,  118-121. 

Henderson,  (in-many  in  the  Middle  Ages,  46-56. 

Oman,  The  Dark  Ages,  322-334. 

Adams,  Civilization,  151-154;  EuropeanHistory,  160- 

163. 
That' her  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,   107-114. 
Sheppard,  Fall  oj  Rome,  484-495. 
1. 1'.  hin.  History  oj  France,  I,  Bk.  II,  Tart  I,  Ch.  2. 
Gregorovius,   History  oj  Rome,  II,  Bk.  IV,  Chs.  1   3. 
Thar  her  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,    37-38,  95-105. 
Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  new  ed.,  34-41;  old  ed., 

Robimvnjicadingsin  European  II  islory,\'<A.1, 120-124. 
14 


X.  Charles  the  Great  as  King  of  the  Franks,  768-800  A.  D. 

A .  Outline. 

y  (1)  Importance  of  Charles  the  Great.  His  appearance  and 
habits.  His  education  and  attitude  towards  learning.  His 
public  works. 

(2)  The  Charlemagne  of  literature  and  legend.     The  Monk  of 
St.  Gall.     The  Charlemagne  cycle  of  romance. 

(3)  Charles  the  Great  as  a  conqueror  and  extender  of  Frankish 
power. 

1 .  His  ideal  of  a  great  Christian  empire  and  the  difficulties 
to  be  overcome. 

2.  The  conquest  and  conversion  of  the  Saxons. 

(a)  The  Saxon  country  and  its  condition.  Neces- 
sity of  adding  it  to  the  Frankish  state. 

(l>)  The  difficulty  and  arduousness  of  the  under- 
taking. Success  achieved  by  union  of  forces  of 
Church  and  State. 

(c)  The  establishment  of  the  power  of  the  Church  in 
Saxony  by  severe  legislation  and  compulsory  con- 
tributions.    Church  and  State  complementary. 

((/)  Establishment  of  Saxon  bishoprics  and  founding 
of  monasteries  leads  to  growth  of  towns  like 
Bremen,  etc. 

3.  Charlemagne's  conquest  of  the  Lombard  king  Desid- 
erius  and  assumption  of  the  Lombard  crown  (773-774). 

4.  Incorporation  into  the  Frankish  royal  state  of  the  semi- 
independent  duchies  of  Aquitaine  and  Burgundy. 

5.  Successful  contests  along  the  frontiers  with  non-Ger- 
manic peoples,  Slavs  and  Bohemians.  Establishment 
of  border  districts  ruled  over  by  margraves.  Their 
later  importance. 

6.  Relations  with  Mohammedan  Spain.  Establishment 
of  the  Spanish  March  (778),  the  first  step  in  the  Chris- 
tian recovery  of  Spain. 

B.  References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  77-83;  Readings,  65-67. 

(2)  Collateral — Emerton,  Introduction   to  the  Middle  Ages,  150-15 1, 

180-213. 
Bcmont  and  Monod,  Mediccval  Europe,  179-187. 
Adams,  European  History,  164-168;  Civilization,  154— 

159- 

'5 


Einhard,  Life  i>j  Charlemagne  {contemporary),  9  39. 
Thatcher  and  M>  Meal,  Source  Book,  38  \8(Einhard). 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I 

131. 
Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  too-]  1 1. 
Bourne,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History.  69  72,  76  77. 
\\ .   1.  The  Ancient  World,  546-550. 
Sheppard,  Tlte  Fall  of  Rome,  496-515. 
<  >man,  Dark  Ages,  335  s(,'s- 
Henderson,  Germany  in  ///<■  Middle  Ages,  56—70. 
Thatcher  and  SchwUl,  Middle  Ages,  1  1  1    1 
Hodgkin,  Cliarles  the  Great,  esp.. Chs.  \    IX. 
Mombert,  Charles  tlte  Great,  86  [26,  154    [65,  179 


XI.    'I'm    Revtvai  "i    Mir.  [mperial  Title  in  the  West  and 
Tin:  Governmental  \\i»  Educational  Conditions 

UNDER    CHARLEM  VGN1  . 

.1.     Outline. 

(1)  Events  Leading  up  to  Charlemagne's  coronation  by  the 
Pope  as  Emperor.  Contemporary  descriptions  and  rea- 
sons for  the  act. 

(2)  Attitude  of  Charlemagne  towards  his  coronation.  His 
imperial  position  in  the  west  and  the  disgraceful  conditions 
in  the  eastern  cm  pi  re.  Criticism  of  the  contemporary  theory 
of  imperial  continuity. 

1 .  ( Continuance  of  the  eastern  emperors  at  Constantinople. 

2.  Weakness  and  lack  of  imperial  authority  of  later  rulers. 

(3)  Long  duration  of  the  II<>ly  Roman  Empire  as  a  theory. 
(S00-1N00).  Future  troubles  of  the  German  rulers  on  ac- 
count of  their  imperial  relations  with  Italy  and  the  Papacy. 

(4)  Charlemagne's  system  of  royal  and  imperial  government. 

1.  Difficulty  of  governing  vast  and  heterogeneous  domin- 
ions. 

2.  The  sources  of  revenue.    Income  from  royal  estates. 

3.  The  royal  officials  — counts,  margraves,  missi  dominu  i 
—  and  their  respective  duties. 

4.  The  general  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  emperor,  the  national 
assemblies,  and  the  capitularies  or  royal  edicts. 

(5)  Charlemagne  as  a  promoter  of  culture  and  learning.  The 
Carolingian  Renaissance. 

16 


"■- 


i.  The  three  dark  centuries  before  Charlemagne.  Papy- 
rus and  parchment.  The  bad  conditions  in  the  eighth 
century. 

2.  The  Church  as  a  transmitter  of  learning.  Latin 
ecclesiastical  literature  and  compendiums  of  knowl- 
edge. 

3.  Charlemagne's  interest  in  promoting  education. 

(a)  His  letters  to  bishops  and  abbots  regarding 
better  education  for  the  clergy. 

(b)  His  endeavor  to  have  the  laity  receive  some  edu- 
cation from  the  church  schools.  The  episcopal 
and  monastic  schools  and  the  "School  of  the 
Palace"  at  Aachen 

(c)  The  work  of  Alcuin,  Paulus  Diaconus,  and 
other  scholars. 

((/)  His  emphasis  on  the  careful  transmission  of  the 
learning  then  known.  No  effort  at  a  classical 
revival. 

4.  Lack  of  really  important  results  from  the  Carolingian 
Renaissance  and  the  causes  operating  to  delay  intel- 
lectual progress. 

B.     Rejerences. 

(1)  Prescribed — -Robinson,  Western  Europe,  S3-91;    Readings,  68-77. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Emerton,  Introduction  to  the  Middle  Ages,  214-235. 

Bemont  and  Monod,   Mediaeval  Europe,  187-210. 

Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  129-138. 

Adams,    Civilization,     159-169;     European    History, 

1 68-171. 
Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  new  ed.,  41-76;  old  ed., 

4i-75- 
Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  71-81. 
Henderson,  Short  History  0}  Germany,  I,  29-38. 
Henderson,  Historical  Documents  0/  the  Middle  Ages, 

170-171,  189-201. 
Harding,  Mcdiceval  and  Modem  History,  33-42. 
Hodgkin,  Charles  the  Great,  Ch.  XI  and  235-238. 
Einhard,  Lije  oj  Charlemange,  56-66. 
Mombert,  Charles  the  Great,  241-270,   353-368. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  9-17. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  123-129. 
Oman,  The  Dark  Ages,  369-382. 
Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints,  VI,   No.   5, 

p.  16  ff;  III,  No.  2,  pp.  2-5. 
•  Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  I,  1 31-146. 

17 


Sheppard,  Fall  0}  Rome,  515 

I'll. iii  her  and  Mi  Nea  ,  -109. 

'I'h. ill  Iht  ami  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  1  16   139. 

I  fonan  hy,  89   ro6, 3. 

.  ( 'harlemagne  ("  Heroes  0)  the  Nations  ). 
Mullingcr,  Schools  0)  ( 'harles  the  lire, it. 
\\  estj    1. 1  iiin  ami  the  Rise  <>]  Christian  Schools. 

Ml.    I'm    Disruption  of  Charlemagne's   Empire,  814-887. 

.1.     (hill  inc. 

*  Important  question  as  to  the  future  of  Charlemagne's  em- 
pire. Ili>  own  views  as  indicated  in  the  division  of  806. 
Reasons  for  division. 

(2)  Louis  the  Pious  (814-840)  and  his  sons. 

1 .  Six  successive  partitions  of  empire  between  8i  7  and  840. 

2.  Rebellions  of  Louis'  sons,  Pippin  (d.  838),  Lothair, 
Louis,  and  Charles.  The  situation  at  the  emperor's 
death  in  840. 

(3)  The  contest  between  the  sons  of  Louis  the  Pious  and  its 
results. 

1.  Lothair's  attempt  at  imperial  supremacy  and  his 
defeat  by  Louis  the  German  and  Charles  the  Bald  at 
Fontenay  (841). 

2.  The  Treaty  of  Verdun  and  its  importance  in  the  history 
of  Europe.  Difficulty  of  disposing  of  the  middle  por 
tion  of  the  empire.  The  creation  of  Lotharingia, 
later  Lorraine. 

3.  First  definite  appearance  of  France  and  Germany  as 
distinct  states.  Differences  of  Language  seen  in  the 
famous  Strasburg  oaths  of  742. 

(4)  Division  of  Lothair's  kingdom  in  855.  Annexation  of  the 
middle  kingdom  by  France  and  Germany  by  the  Treat}-  of 
Mersen  (870).  Appearance  of  Italy  as  a  third  great  district 
of  the  empire. 

(5)  French  and  German  Carolingians  of  the  later  ninth  century. 
Charles  the  Fat  and  the  events  leading  to  his  deposition. 
Election  of  national  kings  in  France  and  Germany  and  the 
rise  of  little  kingdoms  and  duchies. 

(6)  Causes  of  the  disruption  and  division  of  imperial  territory. 

1.  Lack  of  ability  and  of  power  to  control  large  states  on 
part  of  the  successors  of  Charlemagne.  This  weak- 
ness due  in  part  to: 

18 


(a)  Poor  means  of  communication ;  decay  of  Roman 
roads  and  bridges. 

(b)  Scarcity  of  money  for  payment  of  officials  and 
army. 

2.  Series  of  new  invasions  from  all  sides —  (a)  The  North- 
men; (b)  The  Slavs;  (c)  The  Hungarians;  (d)  The 
Saracens. 

3.  Rapid  growth  in  the  local  power  and  independence  of 
great  landholders  seen  in: 

(a)  The  erection  of  powerful  fortresses  by  lords. 

(b)  The  growth  of  manors  and  the  acquisition  of  im- 
munities. 

(c)  The  development  of  the  hereditary  principle  in 
regard  to  offices  and  lands  in  the  ninth  century. 

(7)  Disruptive  tendencies  checked  and  limited  by  two  important 
forces: 

1.  The  respect  for  the  king  as  a  ruler  by  divine  right  and 
head  of  the  nation  ■ —  a  position  afterwards  asserted  by 
European  rulers. 

2.  Feudalism  with  its  links  binding  men  together  as 
lords  and  vassals  and  thus  creating  a  feudal  state  in 
place  of  a  national  one.  The  importance  of  the  feudal 
system  in  the  history  of  Europe. 

B.     Rejerences. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  92-103;  Readings,  79-87 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization.  170-177;  European.  History,  175- 

181. 
Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  114-121. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  211-236. 
Bourne,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History,   77-86. 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  138-155. 
Fmerton,  Mediaeval  Europe,  3-40,  90-94. 
Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  82-116. 
Henderson,  Short  History  0}  Germany,  38-45. 
Henderson,  Historical  Documents,  171-172,  201-207. 
Johnson,  The  Normans  in  Europe,  Chs.  I— III. 
Harding,  Essentitils  0}  Mediaeval  and  Modem  History, 

44-49. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  17-23,  33-39. 
Oman,  The  Dark  Ages,  383-445. 

Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  I,  150-170. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  59-71. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,   140-155. 
West,  Modern  History,  9-31. 

19 


Kl'\  II'W   Ql  I  S  ril  >fl  -  I  '\  T<  »l  Its  VI  \II  (  IF  THE  <  MT1.I\K. 

\  i. 

intrast  pagan  and  Christian  ideas  of  religion  and  discuss  the  <  hief 
the  power  exen  ised  by  the  Chun  li  in  the  early  middle  agi 
What  were  the  relations  of  the  Church  towards  the  State  during  the  period 
of  the  invasions  and  what  tendency  is  observable. 

I  :.n  i-  the  growth  in  power  of  the  <  Ihun  h  at  Rome  and  its  head,  noting 
the  chief  causes  for  Roman  supremai  j . 

A  bo  were  the  two  greatest  popes  of  the  early  middle  ages,  and  what  is 
the  pontificate  of  each  especially  noted  for? 

I  Ixplain  or  i  omment  on      (a)  <  >ther-worldliness;  (b)  Petrine  supremacy; 
(e)  Post-Nicene  Fathers;  (d)  Castle  of  San  Angelo;  («)  The  Dialogues. 

VII. 

\  hy  an-  the  monks  as  a  <  lass  and  as  individuals  important  in  the  history 
of  Europe?      How  was  it  SO  many  great  men  were  monks? 

( 2)  What  mental,  moral,  and  physii  al  influence  drew  men  and  women  to  the 
monasteries?     What  dangers  were  inherent  in  the  system? 
Compare  eastern  and  western  monasticism  as  to  origins,  character,  and 
development.     How  did  the  rule  of  St.  Benedict  affect  the  west? 
Discuss  the  chief  provisions  of  the  Benedictine  rule  and  give  a  brief 
estimate  of  the  services  rendered  by  the  monks. 

imment  on  or  explain — (a)  Regular  and  secular  clergy;  </>)  Roman 
Christianity  in  England;  (c)  The  [rish  Church  and  its  missionaries; 
(</i  Early  culture  in  England;  (e)  The  work  of  St.  Boniface  among 
the  ( ierman  tribes. 

VIII. 

(1)  ( iive  an  at  ounl  of  the  conditions  in  Frankish  territory  whi<  h  made  the 
task  of  the  ruler  a  difficult  one.     How  did  Charles  Martel  succeed? 
1  ,ive  a  brief  a<  count  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  Mommedanism  to  the 
year  6^j   A.  D.       How  do  its  doctrines  and   practices  compare  with 
Christianity. 

(3)  Sket.h  the  story  of  Arab  conquest  and  expansion,  especially  in  relation 
to  Western  Europe.     Why  is  the  battle  of  Tours  a  significant  event? 

IX. 

(1)  Dia  uss  the  important  questions  raised  by  the  transfer  of  the  Frankish 
c  rown  to  the  Carolingians.     What  is  "the  new  theory  of  kingship"? 

(2)  What  causes  led  up  to  the-  alliance-  between  the  Papacy  and  the  Carol- 
ingians and  how  did  Pippin  show  his  friendship  to  the  Pope? 

(3)  <;;  iccount  of  the  domestic  events  of  Pippin's  reign. 

x.  and  xi. 

fi)   Why  is  Charlemagne  so  interesting  historically?     What  can  be  said  of 

him  as  a  man  of  enlightenment  and  public  spirit?     What  of  him  as  a 

figure  in  mediaeval  romance  and  literature? 
(2)  What  were  Charlemagne's  aims  as  a  conqueror?     What  people  gave 

most  trouble-  to  subdue  and    why?     How    were    these    people    finally 

subdued  ? 


(3)  Discuss  the  circumstances  that  led  up  Charlemagne's  coronation  as 
emperor  and  the  relation  of  his  empire  to  the  old  Roman  empire. 
How  long  was  the  new  Holy  Roman  Empire  destined  to  last  ? 

(4)  Describe  the  system  of  government  used  by  Charlemagne  as  king  and 
emperor. 

(5)  Give  an  account  of  the  Carolingian  Renaissance  and  its  results. 

(6)  Comment  on  —  (a)  Einhard;  (b)  Aix-la-Chapelle;  (c)  Annals  of  Lorsch; 
(J)  Monk  of  St.  Gall;  (e)  Desiderius;  (/)  Margraves;  (g)  Ronces- 
valles;  (h)  Capitularies;  (z)  Angilbert  and  Theodulf. 

XII. 

(1)  Outline  the  political  history  of  the  period  814-887  noting  the  chief 
changes  in  rulers  and  territory  that  took  place  within  the  empire. 

(2)  Why  is  the  Treaty  of  Verdun  of  great  significance,  and  what  important 

question  of  modern  international  politics  originated  with  it? 

(3)  Summarize  the  chief  causes  of  the  disruption  and  division  of  the  empire. 
What  forces  may  be  said  to  have  kept  alive  the  idea  of  a  state  ? 

(4)  Comment  on  —  (a)  The  Strasburg  Oaths;    (b)  The  Treaty  of  Mersen; 

(c)  Odo  of  Paris;  (d)  Aries;  (e)  Immunities;  (/)  Manors;  (g)  Northmen. 


Xlll.   Tin  Origin  wo  D]  \  i  lopmi  \  i  of  the  Feudal  Systi  \i. 
.1.    Outline. 
(\ )  The  beginnings  of  feudalism  and  the  chief  elements  of  the 
system. 

i.  Feudalism  the  natural  outcome  of  peculiar  conditions 

in  western  Europe  in  early  middle  ages. 
2.    rhe  feudal  system  arose  through  the  combination  of 
(a)  The  land  element-   one  man   holding  land   from 
another,  and  (b)  The  personal  clement  -  the  relation  of 
lord  and  man. 
3    The  land  element.     Origin  of  practice  of  surrendering 
alodial  land  and  receiving  it  back  in  possessory  owner 
ship  with  the  usufruct.     Growth  of  the  idea  of  the 
pracarium  and  beneficium. 

4.  The  persona]  clement.     Growth  of  a  class  of  dependent 
freemen  under  the  later  Roman  Empire.     The  Ger 
man comitatus and  itsrelation  to  feudalism.     Develop- 
ment of  vassalage  among  the  Franks. 

5.  How  the  elements  of  feudalism  combined  in  the  eighth 
and  ninth  centuries.  Addition  of  a  third  clement,  the 
immunity. 

(2)  The  gradual  development  and  expansion  of  feudalism. 

1.  Reasons  for  the  growth  of  the  feudal  system.  Advan- 
tages to  landowners. 

2.  How  feudalism  grew  and  the  number  of  fiefs  increased. 

(0)  From  the  top  —  by  great  landowners  infeudaling. 

(b)  From  the  bottom  —  by  small  landowners  resort- 
ing to  commendation. 

(f)  In  the  middle  —  by  subvassals  or  subtenants 
subinfeudating. 

3.  General  prevalence  of  feudal  hind  tenure  by  thirteenth 
century — the  French  maxim  "  Xul  terre  sans  seigneur." 

4.  Growth  of  the  idea  of  hereditary  right  in  regard  to 
fiefs  and  its  results  on  the  relations  of  lords  and  vassals. 

5.  The  mediaeval  feudal  state  in  contrast  with  the  nation- 
al state.  Lack  of  authority  on  the  part  of  the  feudal 
king  and  its  causes. 


B.  References. 
(i)  Prescribed —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  100-109. 
(2)  Collateral  —  Emerton,  Introduction  to  the  Mid-die  Ages,  236-255. 

Adams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages,  194-211. 
Andrews,  Institutes  oj  General  History,  Ch.  VI,  sects. 

3-6. 
Bemont  and   Monod,   Medurval  Europe,   246-251. 
Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modem  History,  50-54. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  40-45. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  162-169,  173-175. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediaeval  Civilization,   159-167, 

199-201. 
Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints,  Vol.  IV,  No. 

3,  pp. 2-14. 
Robinson,    Readings    in    European    History,    Vol.    I, 

171-176. 
Stubbs,    Const.  History   oj   England,    Vol.    I,    sects. 

02,  93. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  215-222,  228-229. 
Thatcher  and  McNeil,  Source  Book,  341-361. 
West,  Modem  History,  22-31. 

XIV.    Feudal  Institutions  and  Customs  and  the  Actual 
Working  of  the  System  in  France. 
A .     Outline. 
(1)  The  fundamental  institutions  of  feudalism. 

1.  The  fief  (Latin  jeudum).  How  it  was  bestowed  and 
received.  The  act  of  homage  and  the  oath  of  fealty 
established  the  feudal  bond. 

2.  Feudal  obligations  and  their  variety — (a)  Loyalty 
and  devotion;  (b)  Military  service  and  its  modifica- 
tions, scutage,  and  money  fiefs;  (r)  Service  at 
courts  and  councils;  (d)  Money  payments  —  reliefs, 
alienation  fees,  aids,  etc.;  (e)  Purveyance  and  its 
limitations. 

3.  Feudal  holdings  and  ranks  and  their  variety.  The 
noblesse  and  their  privileges  as  a  class.  Relations  of 
various  ranks  and  titles. 

4.  The  feudal  register  or  record  book.  The  register  of 
Champagne  as  an  illustration  of  the  complexity  and 
variety  of  feudalism. 

(a)  Gradual  growth  of  the  feudal  possessions  of  the 
counts   of   Champagne.      Twenty-six   districts 
held  of  ten  over-lords. 
23 


(/))  Two  thousand  vassals  owing  various  kinds  of 
sen  i.  e  held  of  the  i  ount,  and  many  of  these  <>f 
other  lords  as  well. 

Many  things  granted  on  feudal  tenure  besides 
land      money,  houses,  grain,   wine,  hers,  etc. 
Explanation  of  this  fact, 
(a)  Force  necessary  to  maintain  the  feudal  system  with  its  ob 
ligations.     Breaches  of  the  feudal  bond  of  frequent  occur 
rem  e. 

i.  Feudal  bond  legally  dissolved  when  the  lord  failed  in 

his  duty  toward  the  vassal. 

j.  Feudal  bond  illegally  broken  by  a  strong  vassal  defying 
a  weak  lord. 
j      War  the  law  of  the  feudal  world.      Reasons  for  this  and  the 
various  occasions  and  opportunities  for  feudal  wars.  Failure 
of  the  feudal  eourts  to  keep  peace  and  the  public  recognition 
of  right  of  private  warfare.     Warlike  spirit  kept  alive  in 
feudal  society  by  dangerous  jousts  or  tourneys. 
(4)  Signs  of  an  awakening  sentiment  against  feudal  violence 
and  disorder  in  western    Europe  in  die  later  middle  ages. 
Various  causes. 

1.  Genera]  progress  in  civilization  and  commerce  espe- 
cially in  the  towns. 

2.  Influence  of  the  Church.     The  "Truce  of  God"  and 
the  "  Peace  of  ( rod." 

3.  Growth  of  the  royal  power  and  the  central   courts  in 
France  and  England. 

B.     Rejcrcnces. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  109-119;  Readings,  88-98. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,    Civilization,    217-226;     European    History, 

186-189. 
Bemont  and   Monod,   Mediaeval  Europe,  251-267. 
Duruy    Middle  Ages,  200-208,  211-215. 
Emerton,  Nedueval  Europe,  483—508. 
Henderson,  Historical  Documents,   172,  173,  208-215. 
Masson,  Mediaeval  Erance,  3-13. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  47-50,  139-147. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  169-70,  176-179. 
Munn>   and  Sellcry,  Mcdidi'al  Civilization,    168-187. 
Pennsylvania    Translations  and    Fcprints,     Vol.     IV, 

No.    iii,  14-36. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  176- 

193- 

24 


Thatcher  and  McNeil,  Source  Book  361-387  410-431. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  218-229. 
Adams,  Growth  oj  the  French  Nation,  63-72. 
West,  Modern  History,  31-38,  44-50. 

XV.  France  Under  the  Later  Carolingians  and  Early 

Capetians,  888-1137. 

A.    Outline. 

(1)  Importance  of  tracing  the  development  of  great  national 
states. 

(2)  The  survival  of  the  kingship  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries 
and  its  significance.  Ultimate  triumph  of  royal  power  in 
Europe. 

(3)  The  later  Carolingian  and  early  Capetian  rulers. 

1.  Odo  of  Paris  (888-898)  and  his  successors.  The 
rivalry  of  the  later  Carolingian  kings  and  the  Capetian 
dukes  ending  in  the  election  of  Hugh  Capet  as  king  in 
987. 

2.  Character  of  Hugh's  kingship.  The  races  of  the  West 
Frankish  kingdom  andtheorigin  of  the  name"  France.'' 

3.  Difficulties  in  the  way  of  the  early  Capetian  kings  and 
their  lack  of  royal  power,  even  over  the  royal  domain. 
Feudalism  rampant  and  the  central  authority  weak 
and  powerless. 

(4)  The  origin  and  growth  of  the  great  fiefs  of  mediaeval 
France. 

1.  Beginnings  of  the  semi-independent  feudal  states  in 
the  tenth  century. 

2.  Special  facts  in  regard  to  the  development  of  Nor- 
mandy, Brittany,  Flanders,  Burgundy,  Aquitaine 
(Guienne  and  Gascony),  and  Toulouse. 

3 .  Formation  of  the  border  kingdom  of  Aries  or  Burgundy 
(923)  and  its  later  transference  to  Germany. 

(5)  Complicated  position  of  the  early  Capetians — (a)  Feudal 
rights  as  counts  of  Paris,  etc.,  dukes  of  Francia,  and  feudal 
suzerains  of  France;  (b)  Royal  rights  as  kings  by  divine 
appointment.  General  oath  of  fidelity  exacted  by  them 
whenever  possible;  (r)  Difference  of  attitude  between  the 
rulers  and  their  vassals. 

(6)  Strength  of  the  Capetian  house  and  its  long  struggle  for  con- 
trol. 

25 


I  uis  \  I  .  the  Fat,  and  Vbbe  Suger,  his  greal  adviser,  and 
their  work  in  asserting  royal  authority  over  the  barons  in 
the  royal  domain.  The  beginning  of  the  strong  Capetian 
monan  In. 

/■'.     Referent 

Prescribed — Robinson  Western  Europe,  120-125;  Readings,  90-103. 
t    'llateral  — Adams,  Civilisation,  31  1   315;  European  History,  195  • 

196, 

Adams,  Growth  0}  the  French  Nation,  54  63    73  78. 

Bemont  and  Monod, Mediceval Europe,  235  245,  391- 
401. 

Duruy,  History  0)  France  trans,  by  Jameson,  100— no, 

I3S    '  l  J; 
Duruy,  Midde  Ages,  171-180,  341-345. 
Emerton,  Mediaeval  Europe,  400-420. 
Harding,  Mediaval  and  Modern  History,  69  71,  2 1  1  - 

21 2. 
Masson    \fediazval  France,  "Nations,"  13-21,47-57. 
»     Munro   The  Middle  Ages,  64—72,  204-207. 
I'      all,  The  French  People,  50-63,  7 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  I,  1111-205. 
I  >iit,  Empire  and  Papacy    66  95,     71 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  156   1  (>,],  484-486. 
West   Modern  History,  51-55,  163-164. 


XVI.  The  Growth  of  the  French  Monarchy  During  the 
I.\  1  i.k  Middle  Ages. 

.  1.     Outline. 
(1)  The  Capetians  and  the  Plantagenets. 

i.  Louis  VII  of  France  (1137-1180)  and  his  marriage 
to  and  divorce  from  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine.  Second 
marriage  of  Eleanor  to  Henry  of  Anjou. 

2.  The  Plantagenet  possessions  in  France.  Henry  II 
of  England  as  a  great  feudatory  in  France.  Relations 
with  Louis  VII. 

3.  Philip  Augustus  of  France  (1 180-1223)  and  his  re- 
lations with  the  Plantagenets.  Divisions  in  the 
English  royal  family.  Acquisition  of  Normandy, 
Maine,  Anjou,  and  Touraine  from  King  John. 

;.  <.n-nt  extension  of  the  royal  domain  under  Philip 
Augustus  and  strengthening  of  the  influence  of  the 
crown  in  the  towns. 

26 


5.  Louis  VIII  (1223-1226)  and  the  creation  of  appan- 
ages. 

(2)  The  reigns  of  Louis  IX  (St.  Louis),  1 226-1 270,  and  Philip 
III,  1270-1285. 

1 .  Character  and  importance  of  St.  Louis.  His  biography 
by  Joinville. 

2.  Early  reign  —  suppression  of  baronial  revolt  and  settle- 
ment of  the  troubles  with  England  in  a  fair  way. 

3.  Reforms  in  government  and  law  —  (a)  Baillis  and 
prcvots;  (b)  Organs  of  central  government  —  king's 
council,  chamber  of  accounts,  and  Parlement  of  Paris. 
System  of  appeals  from  feudal  to  royal  courts. 

4.  Establishment  of  royal  coinage  for  France. 

5.  Reign  of  Philip  III  (1270-1285),  continues  Louis 
IX's  policy. 

(3)  Philip  the  Fair  (1285-13 14)  and  the  establishment  of 
royal  absolutism. 

1.  Causes  of  royal  absolutism  —  (<j)  Well-organized  gov- 
ernment; (b)  Able  advisers  trained  in  the  Roman 
law;  (c)  Weakness  of  the  Church  and  the  nobility  as 
against  the  king  and  third  estate. 

2.  Philip's  contest  with  the  Pope  and  the  Church  over 
taxation  and  the  summoning  of  the  first  great  Estates 
General  in  1302. 

(4)  Summary  of  early  French  history.  Feudalism  checked 
and  a  powerful  monarchy  created,  but  the  question  of  Eng- 
glish  influence  in  France  has  still  to  be  settled  and  is  the 
great  question  of  the  future. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western    Europe,    125-132,   Readings.   103- 

107. 

(2)  Collateral — Adams,  Civilization,  315-331;  European  History,  225- 

230. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  401-444. 
Duruy,  History  0]  France,  144-165,  175—182. 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  345-371,  382-383. 
Emerton,  Mediaeval  Europe,  420—433. 
Harding,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History,  213-222. 
Hassall,  The  French  People,  73-77,  89-96. 
Adams,  Growth  oj  the  French  Nation,  78-103. 
Masson,  Mediaeval  France,  "Nations,"  61-77,  SS-158. 
Munro,  Middle  Ages,  207-213. 

27 


Mum.'  and  Sellery,  Mediaval  Civilization,  366  375. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  1 

Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  |.86 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  \,    393   1.37;    and 

Lodgi  0}  the  Middle    Iges,  (.3  6a. 

Modem  History,  to  1   t68. 


XYll.    Anglo-Saxon  ind  Norman  England. 

.1.     On/line. 

(1)  Introductory.  The  importance  of  England  in  the  history 
of  Western  Europe  due  to  her  commerce  and  industry, 
colonies,  foreign  relations,  and  government. 

(2)  Anglo-Saxon  England. 

1.  Supremacy  of  Wessex  over  the  other  tribal  kingdoms 
established  by  Egbert  of  Wessex  in  ninth  century. 

2.  The  first  Danish  invasions  and  settlements  and  the 
struggle  of  the  English  for  self-preservation. 

3.  The  work  of  Alfred  the  Great  (871-QOl)  as  warrior, 
statesman,  lawgiver,  educator,  and  scholar. 

4.  The  successors  of  Alfred  and  the  causes  and  <  haracter 
of  the  second  Danish  invasions.  Ethelred  the  Rede- 
less  and  the  Danegeld. 

5.  The  Danish  conquest  of  England.  Cnut  (1017-1035) 
and  his  sons. 

6.  The  last  Saxon  kings — Edward  the  Confessor  (1042- 
1066)  and  Harold  (1066).  The  English  crown  ac- 
quired by  Duke  William  of  Normandy. 

(3)  Condition  of  England  at  the  beginning  of  the  Norman 
period. 

1.  Great  Britain  made  up  of  England,  Scotland,  and 
Wales.  Union  of  races  in  England.  National  and 
local  government. 

2.  Well-organized  national  church  in  touch  with  the 
continent. 

3.  Elements  of  feudalism  in  Anglo-Saxon  England  seen 
in  the  powers  of  the  great  earls,  the  higher  clergy, 
and  other  landholders. 

(4)  The  Norman  invasion  and  subjugation  of  England. 

1.  William  of  Normandy's  weak  claim  to  the  throne  re- 
jected by  the  English  under  Harold. 
28 


2.  Pope  Alexander  II  supports  William  and  blesses  his 
expedition.  Story  of  the  invasion  and  the  Norman 
victory  at  Senlac  (Hastings). 

3.  William's  coronation  and  the  subsequent  subjugation 
of  England. 

(5)  William  the  Conqueror's  settlement  of  England.  Introduc- 
tion of  a  modified  feudal  system.  Treatment  of  the 
English  landholders. 

(6)  Institutional  features  of  William  the  Conqueror's  reign. 

1.  Continuity  of  English  law  and  government  to  large 
extent. 

2.  Increase  of  royal  power  and  central  authority.  Earls 
and  other  local  magnates  controlled  by  royal  sheriffs. 
No  great  fiefs. 

3.  General  oath  of  fidelity  exacted  from  landholders  — 
the  famous   "Salisbury  Oath"  of  1086. 

4.  Recording  of  all  lands  held  throughout  England  in 
the  Domesday  Book  for  purposes  of  taxation. 

5.  Granting  of  greater  powers  to  the  Church  as  an  institu- 
tion, especially  the  establishment  of  separate  church 
courts.  Lanfranc  and  his  influence.  The  king's  atti- 
tude towards  the  clergy  and  the  Pope. 

(7)  The  Norman  conquest  more  than  a  change  of  dynasty. 
Addition  of  new  and  important  elements  to  the  population 
of  England  from  across  the  channel. 

(8)  England  under  the  Norman  successors  of  the  Conqueror  — 
William  Rufus  (10S7-1100),  Henry  I  (1100-1135),  and 
Stephen  (1135-1154).  The  civil  war  and  baronial  anarchy 
of  Stephen's  reign  checked  by  the  accession  of  Henry  II. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  133-140;    Readings,  109- 

"5- 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,    Civilization,    187-189,    339-342;     European 

History,  148-150,  181-183,  196-197,  236-237,  511  — 

5i3- 

Bemont  and  Monod,  Meducval  Europe,  445-454. 
Bourne,  Mediceval  and  Modern  History,  86-88,  101- 

104,  114,  116. 
Coman  and  Kendall,  History  of  England,  36-50,  60-91. 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,   159-166,   180-186,  343-346. 
Green,   Short  History  oj  the  English  People,  44-104. 
Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modem  History,  191-200. 
29 


nson  and  Charming,  English  History,  \\   \o. 
Larncd,  History  oj  England,  37-ioa. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  71  84,  ■  1  1 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  \  39   [46,  iX<)-.>oo. 
Robinson,  Readings    in    European    History,    Vol.    I, 

231 . 
Th. iii  her  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  [94—309,  510  515, 
Walker,  Essentials  in  English  History,  65    [35. 
Modern  History,   [6-31,  133    1  p. 


Will.     I.\ki\  Plantagenet  England,  [154-1307. 

.1.     Outline. 

(1)  Henry  11    (1154   1189),  and    hi>    reforms   in   government 
and  law. 

1.  Restoration  of  order  by  the  overthrow  of  baronial 
tyranny. 

2.  Difficulties  facing  Henry  on  account  of  bis  great  pos 
sessions.     The   French  and   English   aspects  of  his 
reign. 

;.  Establishment  of  royal  justice  in  England  by  the  re- 
form and  reorganization  of  the  central  courts — {a) 
Royal  justices  on  circuit;  (6)  Curia  Regis;  (c)  Grand 
jury  and  petty  jury;    (</)  Common  law. 

Henry  El's  quarrel  with  Becket   over  Church  courts  and 

jurisdiction. 

1.  Becket's  early  life.  His  conduct  and  character  as 
chancellor.  His  elevation  to  the  archbishopric  of 
Canterbury  and  its  effei  t. 

2.  The  Constitutions  of  Clarendon  (1164),  and  Becket's 
exile  in  France.  His  return  and  murder  (11 70). 
Results  of  the  contest. 

(3)  Last  years  of  Henry  II.     The  baronial  revolt,  rebellions 
on  the  part  of  his  sons,  and  wars  in  France. 

(4)  Richard  the  Linn  hearted  of  England  (1189-1199)  and  his 
exploits.     System  of  Henry  II  continued  in  England. 

(5)  John  (1199-1216)  and  the  grant  of  the  Magna  Charta. 

1.  Three  important  episodes — (</)  Loss  of  English  pos- 

ssions  in  northern  France;  (b)  Quarrel  with  the 
Pope  and  the  Church;  (c)  The  grant  of  the  Great 
Charter. 

2.  John's  difficulties  with  the  English  barons  (1213-14) 


over  military  service.     Rebellion  against  royal  abso- 
lutism.    The  Great  Charter  granted  at  Runnymede 
(June  15,  1215). 
3.  The  chief  provisions  of  Magna  Charta  and  the  impor- 
tance and  significance  of  it  as  a  constitutional  docu- 
ment.    Its  later  history. 
(6)  The   development   of    Parliament   under  Henry   III   and 
Edward  I. 

1.  Henry's  misgovernment  and  favoritism  to  foreigners 
lead  to  a  national  revolt  headed  by  the  barons  under 
Simon  de  Montfort. 

2.  Use  of  the  word  "  Parliament "  for  the  Grand  Council 
and  more  frequent  meetings  with  occasional  represen- 
tation. 

3.  The  Parliament  of  1265  and  its  importance. 

4.  Edward  I  (1 272-1307)  and  the  Model  Parliament  of 
1295.  Inauguration  of  parliamentary  government  and 
the  important  change  it  marks. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western   Europe,  140-147;     Readings,  115- 

118. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization,  342-348;  European  1 1  islory,  237- 

Andrews,  History  oj  England,  03-149. 

Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediievnl  Europe,  454-466. 

Cheyney,  Short  Eli  story  oj  England,   1^5-216. 

Coman  and  Kendall,  History  oj  England,  93-143. 

Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  347-351.  353-357-  385-39!- 

Green,  Short  History  oj  the  English  People,  104-190. 

Harding,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History,  200-207. 

Henderson,  Historical  Documents,  1-6,10-20,  135-165 

Higginson  and  Channing,  English  History,  41-60. 

Larned,  History  oj  England,  109-152. 

Munro,  Middle  Ages,  217-223. 

Myers,  Middle  Ages,  363-371. 

Robinson,    Readings   in    European    History,    Vol.    I, 

231-244. 
Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints,  Vol.  I,  No.  6, 

pp.  5-19,  22-35. 
Thatcher   and   Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  516-^2^. 
Walker,  Essentials  in  English  History,   12S-183. 
West,  Modern  History,  142-151. 


3< 


Kl  \  11  \\    QUI    ITIONS  ON    rOPICS  XIII  —  XVIII  OF  THE 

Ol  ii.im:. 


(\)  Hew  did  feudalism  originate  in  Western  Europe?     Discuss  the  elements 

of  the  system  and  show  how  they  came  to  combine, 
(a)  What  were  the  chief  reasons  for  the  rapid  growth  of  feudalism  and  how 

did  it  grow  from  the  top,  bottom,  and  middle? 

(3)  Discuss  the  effect  on  feudalism  and  frud.il  relations  of  the  principle  of 
hereditary  right  to  fiefs  and  offii 

(4)  Compare  the  fuedal  state  with  the  national  state,  especially  as  regards 
the  relation  of  the  individual  to  the  government. 

(>)  Explain  or  comment  on:  (a)  The  "usufruct;"  (M  Preecarium  and 
beneficium;  (<")  Immunity;  (</)  Commendation;  (<■)  "Nul  tene  sans 
seigneur." 

XI  v. 

(i)  Give  an  account  of  the  chief  feudal  obligations  of  a  special  character. 

(2)  Discuss  the  question  of  feudal  rank  as  regards  titles  and  land. 

(3)  Illustrate  by  reference  to  existing  sources  the  complexity  of  feudalism 

in  the  later  middle  ages  and  the  extent  of  infeudation. 

(4)  In  what  ways  could  the  feudal  bond  l>e  dissolved?  <  >n  what  occasions 
and  with  what  persons  did  the  feudal  noble  go  to  war?     What  was  the 

attitude  of  the  state  towards  private  war? 

(5)  What  forces  sought  to  oppose  and  lessen  feudal  violence  and  disorder? 

XV  and   xvi. 

(1)  Why  is  the  history  of  Franre  important?  What  is  the  main  tendency 
in  French  history  during  the  later  middle  ages? 

(2)  Discuss  the  rise  and  development  of  Capetian  power  to  0X7  A.  I).  What 
were  the  chief  difficulties  which  the  early  Capetians  faced? 

(3)  Indicate  on  an  outline  map  of  France  the  great  fiefs  of  France. 

(  ))  Writebriefly  concerning  the  history  of  Normandy,  Brittany,  and  Flanders. 

(5)  What  double  position  of  authority  did  the  Capetian  rulers  occupy  in 
theory?     What  were  the  actual  facts  as  to  their  powers? 

(6)  Name  the  great  Capetian  rulers  who  built  up  a  strong  monarchy  between 
1 100  and  1300  and  indicate  briefly  what  each  contrbuted. 

(7)  Discuss  the  relations  of  the  Capetians  and  Plantagencts  during  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries. 

(8)  Give  an  account  of   Louis  IX's  reforms  and  innovations  in  government 

(9)  What  was  the  condition  of  the  royal  power  under  Philip  Augustus  and 
what  had  brought  about  this  change? 

(10)  Explain  or  comment  on:  —  (a)  Francia;  (b)  Thomas  of  Marie;  (c) 
Abbe  Suger;  (d)  Fleanor  of  Aquitaine;  (c)  Appanages;  (/)  Joinville. 

xvii  and  xviil 

(1)  What  features  in  English  history  are  especially  important  from  the  stand- 
point of  European  history? 

(2)  Sketch  the  leading  events  in  English  history  during  the  Anglo-Saxon 
period,  noticing  especially  the  reign  of  Alfred  the  Creat. 

(3)  Describe  the  conditions  in  England  at  the  time  of  the  Norman  Conquest. 

32 


(4)  Give  an  account  of  the  Norman  invasion  and  conquest  and  the  principal 
changes  brought  about  by  William  the  Conqueror  in  government  and 
law. 

(5)  What  social  and  economic  changes  did  the  Norman  Conquest  produce? 

(6)  Explain  or  comment  on: — (a)  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle;  (b)  Danegeld; 
(c)  Witenagemot;  (d)  Salisbury  Oath;  (e)  Domesday  Book;  (/)  Lan- 
franc  of  Bee;  (g)   Stephen  of  Blois. 

(7)  Discuss  Henry  II's  early  reign  in  its  governmental  and  legal  aspects. 

(8)  Give  an  account  of  the  quarrel  with  Becket  and  its  results. 

(9)  What  were  the  events  of  most  importance  in  John's  reign?  Which  of 
these  seems  to  you  of  most  importance  —  (a)  at  that  time  and  (b)  for 
later  times  ? 

(10)  Give  a  resume  of  the  more  important  clauses  of  the  Magna  Charta  and 
discuss  its  significance  as  a  constitutional  document. 

(n)  Outline  the  development  of  parliamentary  government  in  England  to 

1295- 


33 


\l  \      Gi  km  wn    \m>  [taly,  88;    i       .  \.  D. 
.1.    Outline. 
I  haracter  of  German  history.    No  strong  centralized  mon 
archy  developed  as  in  the  case  of  France.     No  united  *  rei 
many  until  re<  cut  times. 

I  he  great  Si  mi  Duchies  of  Germany  Bavaria,  Franconia, 
Swabia,  Saxony,  and  I  .orraine  and  causes  of  their  appear 
an>  e. 

i.  Revival  of  local  national   feeling  ami  of  loyalty  to 

lo<  .il  chiefs  in  the  ninth  century. 
.   Need  of  local  organization  and  leadership  in  order  to 
meet  ami  repel  attacks  of  outside  races  in  ninth  and 
tenth  centuries. 
(3)  The  growth  of  royal  power  in  Germany. 

i.  Difficulty  of  asserting   royal   power  on   account   of 

the  duchies.     A  spe<  ies  of  confederation  necessary. 
j.  Arnulf  of  Carinthia  (887-899)  and  Ludwig  the  Child 
99-91 1 ),  the  last  of  the  German  Carolingians.     De- 
cline of  royal  power. 

3.  Conrad  of  Franconia  (01  1-018)  and  his  struggles  with 
the  duchies. 

4.  Election  of  Henry  1,  the  Fowler,  of  Saxony  (91 0-936) . 
His  respect  for  ducal  power  and  his  successful  reign. 
Slavs  and  Hungarians. 

5.  Otto  I,  the  Great  (936-973"),  and  his  remarkable 
reign. 

(a)  Obtains  control  of  the  chief  duchies  and  gives 

them  to  members  of  his  own  family;  reducing 

the  ducal  power. 
(l>)  Repulses  the  Slavs  and  establishes  dioceses  in 

northeastern  Germany  as  centers  of  Christian 

1  ivilization. 
(c)  Inflicts  a    final  defeat  on   the  Hungarians  at 

Augsburg  (955).      Beginnings  of  Hungary  and 

of  Austria  (the    Ost  Mark). 
((/)  Otto  the  Great  in  Italy  in  951.     His  second 

expedition     in     962     and    his     coronation     as 

emperor. 
(e)  The  far-reaching  results  of  the  revival  of  the 

imperial  title  and  power  by  a  German  king. 

34 


(/)  Otto's  relations  with  Rome  after  his  coronation. 
Continuation  of  troubles  under  his  successors. 
The  effect  of  Italian  expeditions.  Significance 
of  the  new  imperial  title. 

6.  Otto  II  (973-983),  Otto  III  (983-1002),  and  Henry  II 
(1002-1024). 

7.  The  first  Franconian  emperors  —  Conrad  II  (1024- 
1039)  and  Henry  III  (1039-1056).  The  empire  at 
its  height. 

(</)  Acquisition  of  Burgundy  and  of  suzerainty  over 

Poland. 
(I>)  Consolidation  of  ducal  power  in  hands  of  royal 

family, 
(r)  Absence  of  strong  rival  states  helps  the  imperial 

power. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  — Robinson  Western  Europe,  148-153;  Readings,  120-125. 

(2)  Collateral  — Adams,  Civilization,  177-1S3,  227-238;  European  His- 

tory,  192-195. 
Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  163-182. 
Bemont  and  Monod  Mediaeval  Europe,  268-285. 
Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  80-88,  132-152. 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  187-199,  235-237. 
Emerton,  Mediaeval  Europe,  90-114,  1 18-194. 
Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  1 12-179. 
Henderson,  Short  History  of  Germany,  I,  45-46,  49-54. 
Harding,  Mediaeval  and  Modem  History,  63-69,  98-99. 
Munro,  Middle  Ages,  51-56. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  245- 

265. 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  12-62;   Oman,  Dark  Ages, 

468-477. 
Stephens,  Hildebrand  and  his  Times   10-14. 
West,  Modern  History,  55-64,  68-73. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  69-80,  113-121. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  164-192. 


35 


XX.    'I'm    State  of  rai  Church   \m>   nn    Papacx  i\  the 
Eleventh  Centura  ind  the  Reforms 

of  Hi  \k\  1 1  Vs  Time. 

.1.     Outline. 

(\)  [ntroductory  —  the  new  spirit  of  reform  in  the  Church  and 
its  origin  and  development.  Danger  to  imperial  control 
over  the  Church  and  Papacy. 

The  weak  and  corrupt  condition  of  the  western  Church, 
its  lack  of  spirituality,  and  it--  decentralization.  Wealth 
in  land  the  main  cause  of  such  conditions. 

i.  I. arm'  tracts  of  land  bestowed  on  churchmen  l>v  kings, 
noblemen,  and  others.  Church  lands  more  numerous 
than  any  others. 

2.  The  Church  drawn  into  the  feudal  system.  Bishops 
and  abbots  as  vassals  holding  fiefs. 

3.  Canonical  ele<  tion  becomes  a  mere  form  and  ecclesias- 
tical holders  of  fiefs  are  arbitrarily  selected  by  kings 
and  feudal  lords. 

4.  The  control  of  the  "  investiture"  by  feudal  lords.  Both 
temporal  and  spiritual  powers  conferred.  The  abuses 
of  the  system. 

5.  The  attitude  of  the  Church  towards  property  purely 
spiritual,  while  the  attitude  of  the  king  or  lord  was 
feudal. 

6.  Complicated  position  of  the  mediaeval  bishop  —  (a) 
As  head  of  his  diocese;  (b)  As  manager  of  the  episcopal 
estates;  (r)  As  u  vassal;  and  ((/)  As  a"  royal  count 
or  official. 

7.  Importance  of  investiture  to  the  king  from  both  a 
feudal  and  governmental  standpoint.  Alliance  be- 
tween the  clergy  and  the  crown. 

(3)  Second  source  of  weakness  and  curruption  in  the  Church 
was  the  illicit  marriage  of  the  clergy  in  western  Europe. 
Dangers  of  such  marriages. 

(4)  Third  source  of  corruption  was  in  the  buying  and  selling 
of  church  offices  or  "simony."  Temptations  to  simony 
and  evil  effects  of  the  practice  in  corrupting  both  higher 
and  lower  clergy. 

36 


(5)  Danger  of  the  Church  being  dragged  into  the  anarchy  of 
feudalism.  Loss  of  independence  on  part  of  higher  clergy 
and  the  Pope. 

(6)  The  beginnings  of  Church  reform  under  Henry  III. 

i.  Low  condition  of  the  Papacy  in  the  eleventh  century. 
The  three  rival  popes  —  Benedict  IX,  Sylvester  III, 
and  Gregory  VI. 

2.  Henry  III  reforms  the  Papacy  at  the  Council  of  Sutri 
(1046).  Emperor  crowned  by  new  German  Pope, 
Clement  II. 

3.  Historical  importance  of  this  reform  in  connection 
with  the  empire.  Growth  of  the  papal  power  from 
now  on. 

4.  Difficulties  in  the  way  of  papal  world  power  —  inde- 
pendence of  higher  clergy,  national  church  feeling, 
lay  control,  and  corruption. 

5.  Henry  Ill's  relations  with  the  reformed  Papacy.  Leo 
IX  and  his  views  of  election  (1049-1054).  His  activi- 
ties.    Hildebrand. 

(7)  Pope  Nicholas  II  (1059-1061)  and  the  creation  of  the  elective 
body  for  the  Papacy  —  the  College  of  Cardinals.  Further 
reforms  advocated  —  (a)  The  enforcement  of  celibacy  on 
the  clergy;  (/;)  Prohibition  of  lay  investiture.  Opposition 
to  these  reforms  in  Italy  and  Germany. 

B.     Rejerences. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  153-163. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization  during  the  Middle  Ages,  238-245. 

Emerton,  Mediceval  Europe,  185-235. 

Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  182-203. 

Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  284-291. 

Henderson,   Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,   179-182. 

Henderson,  Short  History  oj  Germany,  I,  54-60. 

Henderson,  Historical  Documents,  361-365  {Decree  oj 

1059). 
Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modem  History,   98-103. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediceval  Civilization,   137-152, 

188-209. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  202-209. 
Stephens,  Hildebrand  and  his  Times,   14-18,  23-34, 

46-58. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  121-131. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  A ges,  191-193,  254-260. 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  62-64,  96-103,   109-116. 
West,  Modem  History,  64-68,  72-75. 

37 


220J28I 


\\l        I'm    Com  i  i,  i    Between  I'd r i-    ('■ ki  ooks  VI  I    \\i>    I  in. 

Emperob  IIinkn  l\    \\i>  hs  Results,  107^  naa. 

I .     (  hillinr. 
(\)  The  accession  of  Hildebrand  as  Pope  Gregory  \'II.     His 
character  and    views  as  expressed    in  the  Dicktfus  Papa 
—  a  summary  of  papal  claims. 

1 .  Pope  to  have  absolute  power  over  the  Chur<  h  and  its 
members. 

2.  Pope  i«»  be  above  all  rulers  and  princes  and  exercise 
ultimate  and  supreme  authority  in  all  matters  <>f  right. 

Claims  for  a  theocratic  government  in  middle  ages  strength- 
ened by  — 

1.  Prevalence  of  disorder,  mis-government,  and  oppres- 
sion in  the  feudal  states  ruled  over  by  laymen. 

2.  Negative  character  of  the  Church's  1  laims  to  restrain 
rulers  from  evil  practices  and  free  subjects  from  al- 
legiance. 

Gregory  VI 1  asserts  the  papal  power  by  sending  his  legates 
to  the  various  courts.     His  views  of  the  papal  and  kingly 
powers  in  Europe. 
(4)  The  relations  of  Henry  IV  of  Germany  to  the  new  Papacy. 

1.  Death  of  Henry  III  (1056) and  accession  of  Henry  IV, 
aged  six;  the  period  of  regency,  1056- 1065,  and  its 
troubles. 

2.  Henry  [V.'s  majority  (1065).  Troubles  with  the  Sax- 
ons. Difficulties  of  the  young  king.  His  disregard  of 
the  Pope's  wishes. 

3.  Prohibitions  on  lay  investiture.  Decree  of  1075  —  '*s 
significance  and  importance  in  the  struggle. 

4.  Visit  of  the  papal  legates  to  Henry  in  1075.  Their 
violent  language  and  its  result.  Gregory  VII  deposed 
at  Worms  ( 1076). 

5.  Henry's  strong  letter  to  the  Pope  and  the  reply  of  the 
Pope  deposing  and  excommunicating  the  king. 

6.  Loss  of  support  in  Germany  forces  Henry,  in  order 
to  save  his  throne,  to  seek  the  Pope's  pardon  at  Can- 

1  (1077). 

7.  Civil  war  in  Germany,  107 7-1080.  Pope  again  ex- 
communicates and  deposes  Henry  and  is  himself  de- 
posed by  the  German  clergy. 

38 


8.  Henry's  victorious  expedition  to  Italy  and  coronation 
by  anti-Pope  Clement  III.  Gregory  VII's  death  at 
Salerno  in  10S5. 

9.  Continued  rebellions  against  Henry  in  Germany  and 
Italy.  The  Saxons  submit,  but  the  Lombard  cities 
are  successful   (1093). 

10.  Rebellion  of  Henry  V.  Abdication  and  death  of 
Henry  IV  in  1106. 
(5)  Henry  V  (1106-1125)  and  the  investiture  question.  Pope 
Paschal  IPs  proposals  and  the  emperor's  objections.  The 
Concordat  of  Worms  (1122)  —  canonical  election  in  royal 
presence  and  double  investiture  —  a  compromise  measure 
favorable  on  the  whole  to  the  Church. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  164-172;    Readings,  127- 

137- 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization,  241-247. 

Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  203-244. 

Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  291-300. 

Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  157-166. 

Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  23S-244. 

Emcrton,  Mediaeval  Europe,  235-269. 

Harding,  Mediaeval  and  Modem  History,  100-109. 

Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  183-227. 

Henderson,  Short  History  oj  Germany,  I,  60-75. 

Henderson,  Historical  Documents,  351-357,  365-409. 

Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  56-63. 

Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  205-213. 

Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  266- 

295- 
Stephens,  Hildebrand  and  his  Times,  59  ff. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal  Source  Book,  132-167. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  260-277. 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  120-150. 
West,  Modern  History,  74-84. 

XXII.     Germany  and  Italy  in  the  Time  of  Frederick  Bar- 

barossa. 
A.     Outline. 
(1)  Introductory.  The  transition  from  the  Franconian  to  the 
Hohenstaufen  period.     Lothaire  II  of  Saxony  (1125-1137) 
and    Conrad    III  of  Hohenstaufen  (1138-1152)  and  their 
reigns. 

39 


1  rederu  k  I,  Barbarossa  or"Redbeard,"  and  his  importance. 
i .  Emergent  e  From  the  so  called  "dark  ages."     Appear 
ance  of  new  and  better  sources  of  information.     <  >tto 
i  if  Freising's  works. 

2.  Imperial  ideals  and  ambitions  of  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa. His  attitude  towards  the  Pope  and  the  im- 
perial power  in  Italy. 

3.  Three  great  opposing  forces  to  imperialism  (a)  The 
great  vassals  in  Germany;  (b)  The  papacy;  (c)  The 
1  .ombard  <  ities. 

(3)  The  rise  of  the  Lombard  cities  and  their  relations  with 
Frederick  1. 

1 .  I  )evelopmen<  of  town  life  in  the  twelfth  century.  The 
third  estate. 

2.  The  period  of  episcopal  rule  in  the  Lombard  cities. 
Development  of  popular  control  and  expulsion  of  the 
bishops. 

3.  Italian  communal  government.  Internal  feuds  and 
dissensions  and  external  wars.  Growth  of  industry 
and  commerce. 

.;.  Independent  attitude  of  the  towns  toward  the  emperor 
and  their  alliam  e  with  the  Papacy. 

5.  The  defiance  of  imperial  authority  by  Milan  brings 
Frederick  to  Italy,  the  first  of  six  expeditions,  in  1  154. 
The  Diet  at  Roncaglia  and  its  results. 

6.  Frederick  at  Rome  in  1 155.  His  relations  with  Arnold 
of  Brescia  and  with  Pope  Hadrian  IV.  Beginning  of 
troubles  with  the  Papacy. 

7.  Frederick's  second  expedition  in  11 58.  Second  Diet 
at  Roncaglia  and  the  decision  as  to  regalian  rights  over 
the  towns.  Loss  of  independence  by  the  towns  and 
increase  of  imperial  revenues. 

8.  The  revolt  of  the  towns  against  imperial  government. 
Destruction  of  Crema  and  of  Milan  (1162).  Forma- 
tion of  the  Lombard  League. 

9.  Growth  of  opposition  in  the  north.  Frederick's 
escape  to  Germany  in  1 167.  Founding  of  Alessandria. 
Legnano  (1 176). 

10.  The  Treaty  of  Venice  (1 177)  a  victory  for  Pope  Alex- 
ander III.  and  the  Lombard  cities.     Perpetual  Peace 
of  Constance  (1183). 
40 


(4)  Origin  of  the  Guelf  and  Ghibelline  parties  in  Italy  and  Ger- 
many. The  Guelf  family  in  Germany,  Henry  the  Proud  of 
Bavaria  and  Saxony  and  his  son  Henry  the  Lion.  Sub- 
jugation of  the  German  Guelfs  by  Frederick. 

(5)  Close  of  Frederick  Barbarossa's  great  reign,  1184-89.  The 
Norman  marriage  and  Henry  VI's  coronation.  Death  of 
Frederick  on  the  Third  Crusade. 

B.  References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,    Western  Europe,  173-1S0;  Readings,  13S- 

144. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,    Civilization,    247-253;    European    History, 

203-206. 
Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  261-268,  279-281. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,   301-317. 
Balzani,  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaujen,  i-iii. 
Duruy,  The  Middle  Ages,  245-253. 
Emerton,  Mediaeval  Europe,  271-312. 
Freeman,  Historical  Essays,  First  Series,  "Frederick 

I." 
Bryce,  Holy  Roman  Empire,  167-181. 
Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  228-290. 
Henderson,  Short  History  of  Germany,  I,  70-90. 
Henderson,  Historical  Documents,  336-337,  357-359, 

410-430. 
Manro,  The  Middle  Ages,  184-193. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  258,  293-295,  413,  414. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  296- 

306. 
Harding,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History,  145-161. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  169-207,  3S5-387. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  277-298. 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  221—273. 
West,  Modern  History,  85-88. 

XXIII.    The  Later  Hohenstaufen    \nd   their   Relations 
with  Italy  and  the  Papacy. 
A.     Outline. 
(1)  The  reign  of  the  Emperor  Henry  VI,  (1190-1197). 

1.  Importance  of  Henry's  marriage  to  Constance  of 
Sicily  (1186).  The  Normans  in  southern  Italy  and 
their  relations  with  the  Papacy. 

2.  Suppression  of  Guelf  revolt  under  Henry  the  Lion. 
Henry  V's  disastrous  expedition  against  Taricred  of 
Sicily  (1191). 

41 


tpture  and  ran  oming  of   Richard  I    of   England. 
Suppression  of  German  Guelfs  and  ultimate  victory 
over  Tain  red  (1194). 
;    Failure  of  Henry    t<>  unite  Etaly  to  Germany.     His 
great  plans  cut  short  by  his  death  in  1197.     His  sod, 
Frederi<  k  II,  an  infant. 
Pope  [nnocent  III  and    the   Guelf-Ghibelline  struggle  in 
1  lermany. 

1.  Character  and  greatness  of  Innocent  III.  The  world 
power  of  the  Papacy.  The  Pope's  ] >< >>it i< >n  as  an 
arbiter. 

2.  Rivalry  for  the  ( rerman  crown  between  Philip  of  Swa- 
bia  and  ( >tti>  "f  Brunswick,  loqy-i  208.  [nnocent  III 
favors  the  Guelf  cause  and  crowns  Otto  IV  (1200). 
I  Uto's  pride  and  arrogance. 

3.  Repudiation  of  Otto  by  the  Pope  and  the  putting  up 
of  Frederick  II  as  rival  king  and  emperor  (1212). 
Frederick's  promises. 

(3)  [nnocent  Ill's  victory  in  the  struggle  with  John  of  England 
(1205-1213).  The  seeming  supremacy  of  the  Papacy  in 
western  Europe.  The  fourth  Lateran  Council  (1215)  and 
it-  reforms.      Death  of  Innocent  in  1216. 

(4)  Frederick  II  (1212-1250)  and  the  end  of  the  Hohenstaufen 
power. 

1.  Early  life  and  character  of  Frederick  II.  His  alleged 
scepticism.  His  ability  as  a  ruler  and  organizer  in 
southern  Italy. 

2.  Opposition  of  the  Papacy  to  Frederick's  plans  of  unit- 
ing Italy.  The  question  of  the  crusade  and  its  results. 
His  long  struggle. 

3.  Death  of  Frederick  II  (1250)  and  the  collapse  of 
Hohenstaufen  power  in  Italy  before  Charles  of  Anjou, 
the  papal  champion  (1265-1268). 

4.  Conrad  IV  (1250-1254)  and  the  end  of  Hohenstaufen 
power  in  (lermany.  The  great  Interregnum  and 
"fist  law."  Election  of  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg  (1073) 
and  the  close  of  the  medkeval  empire. 

(5)  Conditions  in  Germany  and  Italy  at  the  close  of  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

1.  Germany  hopelessly  divided  into  small  principalities. 
42 


No  central  authority  acknowledged  and  no  hope  of  a 
national  state. 
2.  Italy  also  hopelessly  divided.  The  cities  of  the  north- 
ern and  central  portions  and  their  future  importance. 
The  Papal  States  and  the  fortunes  of  Naples  and 
Sicily. 

B.     References. 
(i)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  180-186. 
(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization  During  the  Middle  Ages,  253-257. 

Balzani,  The  Popes  and  the  Hohenstaujen,  in— 257. 

Barry,    The    Papal    Monarchy,    285-295,     317-324, 

329-364- 
Bemont  and  Monod,   Mediaeval  Europe,   319-335- 
Bryce,  Ploly  Roman  Empire,  204-215. 
Duruy,  History  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  253-250,  443-446. 
Emcrton,   Mediieval  Europe,   314-332,    342-356. 
Freeman,  Historical  Essays,  First  Scries,  283-313. 
Harding,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History,  162-170. 
Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  291-409. 
Henderson,  Short  History  of  Germany,  I,  90-101. 
Henderson,  Historical  Documents,   173-174,  215-218, 

337-344,  359:  430-432- 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  193  198. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  307- 

3"- 

Pennsylvania   Translations  and  Reprints,  IV,  No.   4; 

III,  No.  6. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  208-259. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  298-317. 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  304-335,  358-392,  478-492. 
West,  Modern  History,  88-96. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  ON  TOPICS   XIX-XXIII  OF  THE 
OUTLINE. 

XIX. 

(1)  What  were  the  political  tendencies  in  Germany  as  compared  with  France 

and  England  in  the  middle  ages? 

(2)  How  did  the  Stem  Duchies  in  Germany  develop  in  the  ninth  and  tenth 

centuries?     Discuss  the  growth  of  local  power   under   the   last   Caro- 
lingians. 

(3)  Give  an  account  of    Henry  I's  and  Otto  I's   relations  with  the  duchies 
and  with  the  Slavs  and  Hungarians. 

(4)  Discuss  Otto  the  Great's  relations  with  Italy  before  and  after  his  coro- 

nation as  emperor.     How  did  the  revival  of  the  empire  affect    Ger- 
many ? 

43 


impart  Otto  the  Great's  imperial  power  and  territory  with  Charle 
m  ague's, 

!  .u  w.is  the  empire  l>uilt  up  and  strengthened  under  the  first  Frani  on 
i.ins? 

omment  on  or  explain  —  (a)  Osi  Mat   .  (b)  Widukind;  (c)  King  of 
the  Rom  I  lurgund) . 

XX. 

( i1  What «  auscd  the  reform  movement  in  the  i  hurt  li  in  the  eleventh  i  entury  ? 

(a)  What  was  the  <  hief  source  of  corruption  in  the  Chun  li,  and  how  did  this 
evil  affect  the  higher  clergy  in  particular? 

(3)  Discuss  the  relations  of  the  Church  i<>  feudalism  and  the  problems  in- 
volved. 

(4I  Show  how  complicated  was  the  position  of  a  mediaeval  bishop. 

:  Mm  uss  —  \,i)  Reasons  for  celibac)  on  the  pari  of  the  clergy;   and  (/») 
Simony:  its  origin  and  prevalence  in  the  middle  ages, 
iive  an  account  of  Henry  Ill's  reform  of  the  Papacy  and  its  results. 
What  two  popes  before    Gregory  \  II.  contributed  most  to  the  power 
of  the  ref«  rmed  Papacy?     What  did  they  do? 

(-)  How  diil  the  reform  party  in  the  Church  aim  to  emancipate  the  clergy 
from  "the  base  entanglements  of  the  earth"?  How  did  their  plans 
work?  " 

XXI. 

(1)  What  is  the  eharaeter  of  the  "Die  talus   I'apae,"  and  what  are  some  of 

its  most    important  provisions?     What   bearing  has   it  on  the  papal- 
imperial  conflict. 

(2)  What   justification   might  be  urged   for  theocratic  government  in  the 

middle  ages,?     Show  how  Gregory  VII  sought  to  establish  such  govern- 
ment. 

(3)  Outline  the  course  of  the  great  conflict  between  Henry  I  V  and  (Iregory 

YII.     What  event  marks  the  crisis  and  turning  point  in  the  struggle? 

(4)  Discuss  Henry  IY's  troubles  in  Germany  and  Italy  during  his  later 
reign. 

(5)  Desc  rilie  the  final  stage  of  the  investiture  conflict  and  the  terms  of  the 
Concordat  at  Worms  (1122).      Which  party  gained  by  the  struggle? 

XXII. 

(1)  How  clid  the  1  lohenstaufen  family  first  become  prominent?     Who  was 

the  first  Hohenstaufen  emperor? 

(2)  Discuss  the  character  and  ambitions  of  Frederick  Barbarossa  and  the 

forces  lu-  had  to  contend  against  in  Italy  and  Germany. 

(3)  Give  an  account  of  the  rise  to  self-government  of  the  Italian  cities. 

(4)  What  were  Frederick  Barbarossa's  relations  with  the  Lombard  cities 
and  the  Papacy  between  1154  and  1183?  What  political  parties  were 
formed  ? 

(5)  Explain  or  comment  on  —  {a)  Otto  of  Friesing;   (6)  Arnold  of  Brescia; 

(V)  Diets  of  Roncaglia;  (</)   Regalian  Rights;   (e)  Legnano;   (/)  Henry 
the  Lion;  (g)  Constance  of  Sic  ily. 

XXIII. 

(1)  What  were  the  chief   events  of  Henry  VI's  reign  in  Italy  and  ( lermany  ? 

44 


(2)  Why  might  Innocent  III  be  considered  as  the  greatest  of  mediaeval 
Popes?  What  part  did  he  play  in  the  Guelf-Ghibelline  struggle  in 
Germany  ? 

(3)  Discuss  the  character  and  aims  of  Frederick  II.  What  were  his  chief 
difficulties,  and  how  did  he  meet  them  ? 

(4)  How  was  the  Hohenstaufen  power  in  Italy  overthrown  ?  What  happened 
in  Germany  at  the  same  time  ?     What  were  the  results  in  both  countries  ? 

(5)  Explain  or  comment  on  —  (a)  Normans  in  Italy;  (b)  Stephen  Langton; 
(c)  Fourth  Lateran  Council;  (d)  Manfred;  (e)  "Fist  Law;"  (/)  Ru- 
dolf of  Hapsburg. 


4S 


\\l\       I'm    Beginnings  i i  Crusading  Movement  and 

i  in  Great  First  Crusade. 

.1.     (hill  inc. 
(\)  General  character  and  importance  of  the  Crusades.     Rea 
sons  why  their  important  e  has  been  overestimated  in  history. 
Their  true  signify  ance. 

(2)  The  causes  leading  to  the  inauguration  of  the  crusading 
movement. 

1.  Persecution   <>f  Christian   pilgrims  to  Jerusalem    in 

eleventh  century. 
j.  Appeal  for  western  aid  against  the  Turks  by  the  east 

era   emperor   Alexis   (1081-1118).      Pope   Urban    II 

issues  the  call. 
3.  The  crusading  councils  at  Piacenza  and  at  Clermont 

(1095).     The  speech  of  Urban  II  and  its  result. 

(3)  The  motives  of  the  crusaders  and  the  privileges  bestowed 
on  them  by  the  Church.  The  popularity  of  the  movement 
in  western  Europe. 

(4)  The  preliminaries  to  the  First  Crusade  —  the  army  of  the 
"common  folk"  led  by  Peter  the  Hermit  and  its  fate  in  the 
east. 

(5)  The  real  First  Crusade  (1096-1099)  and  what  it  accom- 
plished. 

1.  The  gathering  of  the  feudal  armies  of  the  west.  The 
great  divisions  and  their  leaders.  Their  routes  to 
the  east. 

2.  Lack  of  organization  and  discipline  among  the  cru- 
saders. The  troubles  at  Constantinople  between 
Alexis  and  the  crusaders. 

3.  The  capture  of  Nica;a  and  the  march  through  Asia 
Minor.    The  conquest  of  Edessa,  Antioch,  and  Tripoli. 

4.  The  siege  of  Jerusalem  and  its  capture  by  storm  ( 1099). 
Godfrey  of  bouillon  and  his  successor,  Baldwin, 
as  feudal  rulers. 

5.  The  extension  and  organization  of  the  Christian  states 
in  Syria. 

6.  The  fate  of  the  crusader-,  of  1  101.  Conditions  in  the 
east.  Military  colonies  in  Syria.  Dissensions  among 
the  Turks. 

(6)  The  great  militant  monastic  orders  and  their  history. 

v 


1.  Character  of  new  military  orders  founded  after  the 
First  Crusade  —  the  Hospitalers,  Templars,  and  Teu- 
tonic Knights. 

2.  The  Hospitalers  and  their  evolution  into  the  Knights 
of  Malta. 

3.  The  Templars.  Their  origin,  wealth,  and  pride. 
Their  downfall. 

4.  The  Teutonic  Knights  and  their  later  work  in  north- 
east Germany. 

B.    References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,   187-196;    Readings,  146- 

158. 

(2)  Collateral —  Adams,    Civilization,    258-268;      European    History, 

209-214. 
Archer  and  Kingsford,   The  Crusades    (" Nations"), 

13-92. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediceval  Europe,  348-357,  359- 

362. 
Bourne,  Mediceval  and  Modern  History,  109-114,  145. 
Duruy,  The  Middle  Ages,  261—272,  290-291,  380-3S2. 
Emerton,  Mediceval  Europe,  358-374. 
Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modem  History, 1 14-13 1. 
Mombert,  Short  History  oj  the  Crusades,  Chs.  I— III. 
Munro,   Middle  Ages,    103-114;    also  Essays  on   the 

Crusades. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediceval  Civilization,  248-266. 
Myers,   Middle  Ages,   214-235,    244-145,   394-396. 
Oman,  The  Art  oj  War  in  the  Middle  Ages,  229  IT. 
Masson,  Mediceval  France  ("Nations"),  22-33,    J49~ 

152. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  Chs.  LVII-LVIII  (in  Vol. 

VI). 
Pennsylvania    Translations  and  Reprints,  Vol.  I,  Nos. 

2,  4. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  312- 

329- 
Thatcher  and McNeal,  Source  Book,  492-496,  510-526. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  360-395,  334-3351 

506,  561-562. 
Tout,  Empire  and-  Papacy,  167-191. 
West,  Modem  History,  98-109. 


47 


XXV.     I'm   Second,  Third,  and  Later  Crusades  and  the 
G   m  k  \i  Results  oi  rai   Movement. 

.  I .     (  hill  inc. 
(\)  The  cause  of  the  Second  Crusade  in  [147.     St.  Bernard  of 

Clairvaux'spreachingand  its  effects  in  Franceand<  Germany. 
(2)  Character  of  the  rank  and  file  of  the  crusaders  illustrated 

from  contemporary  sources.    The  complete  failure  of  the 

Second  Crusade. 

The  Third  Crusade  1 1  189)  caused  by  the  capture  of  Jerusalem 

(]  187).     The  three  great  leaders  and  their  fortunes.     The 

treaty  of  1 192. 

(4)  The  Fourth  Crusade  (1202-1204)  and  its  diversion  against 

nstantinople  and   the   results.      Other   later  crusades. 
Final  loss  of  Jerusalem  (1244). 

(5)  The  results  of  the  (  rusades. 

1.  Commercial.  Extension  of  the  trade  of  western  Medi- 
terranean cities  in  the  cast.  Spe<  ial  quarters  occupied. 
New  anii  les  of  commerce  introduced  into  the  western 
markets. 

2.  Intellectual.  Broadening  of  the  mental  horizon  of  the 
peoples  of  western  Europe  by  travel  and  contact  with 
other  nations.     The  influence  of  Arabian  civilization. 

3.  -Tendency  to  exaggerate  the  influence  of  the  crusades 
themselves.  Importance  of  the  Greek  influence  from 
Constantinople  and  of  Saracenic  influence  from  Spain 
and  Sicily. 

4.  General  growth  of  towns  and  of  commerce  in  the 
twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries.  The  universities 
and  intellectual  progress.  Impetus  given  by  the  cru- 
sades to  new  movements. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  196-200. 

(2)  Collateral —   Adams,  Civilization,  268  276;  European  History,  214- 

218. 
Bemont,  and  Menu  id  Mediaeval  Europe,  357-374. 
Duruy,  The  Middle  Ages,  273-288. 
Emerton,  Mediaval  Europe,  374—397. 
Harding,  Mediaval  and  Modern  History,  131-144. 
Henderson, Germany  in  the  Middle  .l^r.v,  240-242,  289- 

290  (for  German  Crusaders);  Historical  Documents, 

135.  333-344- 
48 


Henderson,  Short  History  oj  Germany,  I,  102-108. 
Munro,  History  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  113-121. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediaeval  Civilization,  212-223, 

253-256- 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  235-244,  250-255. 
Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints,  III,  No.  1,  II, 

Nos.  2,  4. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  329- 

345- 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  526-544. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  The  Middle  Ages,  397-434. 
West,  Modem  History,  109-115. 
Archer    and   Kingsford,    The  Crusades  ("Nations"), 

Chs.  XVII  ff. 
Cox,  Crusades  ("Epochs"),  Chs.  V-XV. 
Mombert,  Short  History  oj  the  Crusades,  Chs.  V,  VII, 

XIII-XVII. 
Oman,  Art  oj  War  in  the  Middle  Ages,  Book  V. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  Vol.  VI,  Ch.  LIX. 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  191-97,  295-304,  342-357, 

450-463- 

XXVI.    The  Character,  Government,  and  Organization  of 

the  Medleval  Church. 
A .     Outline. 

(1)  Introductory.     Importance  of  the  Church  historically  and 
the  general  features  of  its  development  during  the  early 
middle  ages. 

(2)  The  Church  as  a  completed  institution.     How  it  differed 
from  modern  churches. 

1.  Compulsory  membership  and  rigid  requirements  of 
loyalty. 

2.  Supported  by  compulsory  taxes  or  "tithes"  from  the 
people. 

3.  Not  merely  a  religious  body,  but  also  a  body  politic 
or  state. 

4.  Organized  as  a  centralized  monarchy  with  Latin  as 
as  its  official  language  and  the  Pope  as  its  head. 

(3)  The  governmental  organization  of  the  Church. 

1.  The  Pope  as  monarch  of  the  Church.  His  absolutism 
in  spiritual  and  temporal  affairs.  His  control  of  legis- 
lation—  dispensations  and  appeals.  His  control  over 
archbishops,  bishops,  and  clergy.  The  papal  legates 
and  their  influence. 

49 


rhe  Roman  i !uriu  made  u|>  of  the  Pope,  cardinals,  and 
their  officials.     Influence  of  ilii>  court  in  the  middle 

;.  Sources  of  the  vasl  papal  income  court  fees,  first 
fruits,  iin  ome  from  benefices,  and  various  other  sources 

draw  n  on. 

.<  The  archbishops  and  their  provinces.  Archiepiscopal 
councils  and  courts.  Relation  of  the  archbishop  to  the 
bishop. 

5.  Importance  of  the  bishops  in  the  Church.  Apostolic 
succession  and  the  relation  of  the  bishops  to  the 
Church  and  the  Pope.  Dioceses  and  cathedrals. 
Spiritual  and  temporal  duties   of  bishops.     Election. 

6.  The  archdeacon  and  his  functions.  Other  Church 
officers. 

7.  The  priests  and  their  parishes.  Parish  lands  and 
tithes.  The  poverty  of  many  parish  priests  and  its 
cause.  Importance  of  the  parish  church  and  the 
broad  duties  of  the  priests. 

B.     Rcjcrcii' 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe, 201- 209; Readings,  165-167. 
Collateral — Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  48S-502. 
Emerton,  Mediaeval  Europe,  49-53,  545-555- 
Harding,  Mediaval  and  Modern  History,  80-86. 
Lea,  History  0}  the  I nquistion,    I,    1-12,    16-20. 
Milman,  History  oj  Latin  Christianity,    Vol.   IV,  Bk. 

XIV,  132-170. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  tog    [75. 
Newman.  Manual  oj  Church  History.  I,  449-457. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,   346- 

348,  361-364. 
\\  est   Modern  History,  76-80. 

A'XYII.    din.     Chief    Sourcks    or    the    Power    of    the 
M 1  in  l.v \i.  Church. 

A.     Outline. 
(1)  First  great  source  of  power  was  the  wonderful  organization 
of  the  Church  already  dealt  with.     (  >ther  reasons  for  its 
great  power. 

1.  The  exalted  position  and  great  powers  of  the  clergy: 
the    separation  of  clergy   from  laity  by  celibacy,  con- 
50 


secration  ("the  indelible  character"),  and  power  to 
alone  perform  sacraments. 

2.  The  seven  great  sacraments  of  the  Church  as  formu- 
lated and  described  by  Peter  Lombard  (d.  1164). 
The  two  most  important: 

(<7)  Penance — involving  confession,  contrition,  and 

absolution. 
(b)  The   Mass  —  involving  the  miracle  of  transnb- 

stantiation  and  of  sacrifice.     Public  and  private 

masses.     Masses  for  the  dead.     Exaltation  of 

the  priest's  power. 

3.  Great  powers  wielded  by  the  clergy  and  the  pope. 
Excommunication  and  interdict  and  their  effects. 
Typical  examples  of  both. 

4.  Power  of  the  Church  increased  by  the  fact  of  the 
clergy  being  practically  the  only  educated  people  of 
the  middle  ages.  "Benefit  of  clergy"  granted  to  all 
who  could  read.  Monopoly  of  learning  and  culture 
by  the  clergy.     Their  political  activities. 

5.  The  democracy  and  equality  of  opportunity  in  the 
Church.  Fresh  blood  and  energy.  No  hereditary 
power  or  succession. 

(2)  Entering  the  service  of  the  Church  meant  separation  from 
all  other  interests  and  unity  of  effort  and  ambition  towards 
a  common  end  —  the  establishment  of  theocracy.  The 
Church  as  a  great  and  well-organized  and  disciplined  army 
equipped  with  spiritual  weapons. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,   Western  Europe,  209-215;  Readings,  159- 

165. 

(2)  Collateral —   Emerton,  Mediceval  Europe,  541-546. 

Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modern  History,  77-80,  91-92, 

Lea,  History  oj  the  Iiiqitistion,  I,  39-56. 

Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  Bk.  XIV  (Vol.  IV),  1S5- 

234- 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  29-32. 
Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints,  Vol.  IV,  No. 

IV,  22-23. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  348- 

361. 


51 


X  \\  1 1 1      ruE  Abuses  in  THi    Medlevai    Churcb    ind  the 

Ktsi    01    III  RESY. 
/    (  hillinc. 
(i)  Important  question  as  to  the   character   and  devotion  of 
their  leaders  in  the  Church    not   easily    answered.    The 
plan'  of  the  Church  in  the  middle  ages. 

i.  Benefits  conferred  by  the  Church  <>n  western  Europe 
as  the  agenl  in  Christianizing,  civilizing,  pacifying, 
and  educating  the  new  barbarian  nations.  Its  mission 
as  a  comforter. 
.'.  Unworthy  persons  among  the  higher  and  lower  clergy 
who  abused  their  privileges  and  provoked  criticism. 
Tendency  of  mediaeval  writers  to  exaggerate  the  evil 
in  the  Church. 
3.  Various  reasons  for  the  corruption  in  the  Church. 
Chief  cause  was  the  wealth  and  power  of  the  Church 
itself  which  tempted  unworthy  persons  to  enter  its 
service. 

(2)  The  chief  forms  of  ecclesiastical  corruption.  Importance 
of  these  abuses  in  connection  with  heretics  and  reformers. 

1 .  Simony  and  its  influence  in  debasing  the  higher  clergy. 

2.  Immoral  and  worldly  lives  (,f  many  of  the  clergy, 
especially  those  under  feudal  influences. 

3.  Corruption  and  bribery  prevalent  in  the  Church  courts 
from  the  Papal  Curia  down.  Examples  of  such 
abuses. 

4.  Commercializing  of  the  priesthood  and  degradation 
of  the  priestly  of&<  e. 

5.  Decline  in  earnestness  and  morals  on  the  part  of  the 
monks  of  the  later  middle  ages.  Monastic  reforms 
and  new  orders. 

(3)  Effect  of  the  corruption  in  the  later  mediaeval  Church  seen 
in  the  writings  of  the  time,  reformatory  and  satirical.  St. 
Bernard's  testimony. 

(4)  The  rise  of  heresy  as  a  result  of  the  abuses  in  the  Church. 

1.  Criticism  of  evils  and  corruption  in  the  Church  not 
heresy.  Heresy  consisted  in  questioning  the  teachings 
of  the  Church  and  proposing  to  cast  off  its  authority. 

2.  Heresy  chiefly  preached  by  discontented  laymen.  Their 
points  of  argument  and  attack  and  their  supporters. 

52 


3.  Seriousness  of  heresy  to  the  mediaeval  mind  —  "treason 
against  God"  the  greatest  of  crimes.  Severe  repres- 
sion. 

4.  The  two  classes  of  heretics  in  the  later  middle  ages: 

(a)  Christians  who  abjured  the  practices  and  some 

of  the  doctrines  of  the  Church  —  i.  e.,  the  Wal- 

densians. 
(&)  Unbelievers  holding  non-Christian  views  as  to 

good  and  evil  forces  in  the  universe  —  i.  e.,  the 

Albigenses. 

5.  Danger  to  the  Church's  claims  to  control  salvation 
from  the  Waldensian  teachings  leads  to  their  persecu- 
tion. 

(5)  The  attitude  of  the  mediaeval  rulers  toward  heresy. 

1.  Laws  against  heretics  in  England  (1166),  Aragon 
(1194),  and  elsewhere.  Union  of  Church  and  State 
to  exterminate  heresy. 

2.  Seriousness  of  heresy  in  mediaeval  and  modern  Europe 
due  to  the  established  character  of  the  Church  in 
relation  to  the  state  and  individual. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  216-223;    Readings,  167- 

168,  170-175. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediceval  Europe,  506-507,  512- 

514- 
Emerton,  Mediceval  Europe,  333-338. 
Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modem  History,  88-89,  94-96, 

215-216. 
Lea,  History  oj  the  Inquisition,  Vol.  I,  5-39,  51-117. 
Lea,  Sacerdotal  Celibacy,  370-377. 
Milman,  Latin  Christianity,  V,  13k.  IX,  Ch.  XIII,  iti- 

161. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  126-134,  175-177. 
Munro  and  Sellery,   Mediceval  Civilization,  153-158. 
Robinson,    Readings    in   European   History,    Vol.    I, 

364-368,  371-387. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,    208-214,    309- 

310,  406-497. 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  214-217. 


53 


\\l\      Methods  Used  to  Oppos]  Heresy.    Thi  Mendicant 

(  >RD1  US. 

I .  (  hillinr. 
(\)  One  method  of  opposing  and  checking  heresy  would  have 
been  a  reform  of  the  clergy  and  of  abuses.  Attempted 
reform  at  Fourth  Lateran  Council  in  [215. 
Second  method  was  extermination  by  the  sword.  The 
Albigensian  Crusade  in  the  south  of  France  and  its  results 
in  tlu-  thirteenth  century. 

Third  and  most  permanent  method  of  checking  heresy  was 
the  Inquisition  with  its  terrible  tribunals  and  secret  proce 
dure.     <  >rigin  and  character  of  the  Inquisition  in  the  later 
middle  ages. 

(4)  Fourth  method  of  meeting  and  opposing  heresy  theestab 
lishment  of  the  great  mendicant  orders  of  St.  Francis  and 
St.  I  >ominic. 

1.  Need  of  simpler  lives  and  more  preaching  among  the 
clergy  met  l>v  the  appearance  of  the  friars. 

2.  The  functions  of  the  true  friar  —  self-sacrifire,  orth<  »dox 
preaching  and  teaching  among  the  people. 

(5)  St.  Francis  of  Assissi  (1  [82-1226)  and  his  order. 

t.  Story  of  St.  Francis'  early  life  and  his  conversion. 
The  beginnings  of  his  order.  "God's  Troubadours" 
and  their  work. 

2.  St.  Francis  gets  the  verbal  sanction  of  the  pope  for  his 
order  in  1210. 

3.  The  Franciscans  as  missionaries  in  Europe  and  Asia 
after  1217.  Their  coming  to  England.  Papal  pro- 
tection and  privileges. 

4.  Attitude  of  St.  Francis  toward  the  growth  of  his  order. 
His  humility  and  true  piety.  The  Franciscan  rule 
(1228)  and  its  provisions  in  regard  to  poverty. 

5.  More  liberal  interpretation  of  the  rule  of  poverty  after 
the  death  of  St.  Francis.  The  Church  at  Assissi  and 
the  money  ( hest. 

((>)  St.  Dominic  (1170-1221I  and  the  Dominican  Order 

1.  St.  Dominic  educated  as  a  Spanish  priest.  His  con- 
tact with  the  Albigensian  heresy  turns  him  into  a 
missionary  of  orthodoxy. 

2.  Formation  of  the  new  order  in  1214.     Innocent  Ill's 

51 


dream  and  the  sanctioning  of  the  order.     Its  first  mis- 
sionary labors. 
3.  Growth  of  the  order  by  1221.     Its  sixty  monasteries 
and  wide  influence.     Lea's  description  of  the  work  of 
the  friars. 

(7)  Organization  of  the  mendicant  orders  almost  military  —  the 
general  and  his  power.  Comparison  of  the  friars  with  the 
monks  and  of  the  Dominicans  or  "Preaching  Friars"  with 
the  Franciscans. 

(8)  Relations  of  the  Papacy  and  the  friars  very  close  and  cor- 
dial. The  special  privileges  granted  them  and  their  great 
influence  in  Europe. 

(9)  Jealousy  of  the  secular  clergy  towards  the  friars.  Great 
friars  of  history.  Danger  of  corruption  among  the  friars. 
St.  Bonaventura's  testimony. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  223-232,  Readings,  175-180. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Emerton,  Mediceval  Europe,  337-343,   462-464,   577— 

581,  590-591. 
Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  302-317,  324—329. 
Brother  Leo,  The  Mirror  of  Perfection  (St.  Francis). 
Jessopp,  Coining  oj  the  Friars,  1-52. 
Lea,  History  oj  the  Inquisition,  Vol.  I,  Chs.  IV  -VII. 
Little,  St.  Francis  oj  Assissi,  esp.   132-223. 
Milman,  Latin   Christianity,  Vol.  V,    Bk.  IX,   Ch.  IX, 

230-281;  Vol.  VI,  311-317. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  177-1S0. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  247-248,  260-262.  408-409. 
Oliphant,  St.  Francis  oj  Assissi. 

Duruy,  History  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  288-2S9,  292-295. 
Harding,  Mediaeval  and  Modern  Flistory.  216-219. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  502-514. 
Henderson,  Historical  Documents,   272-273,  344-349. 
Penn.  Translations  and  Reprints,  Vol.  Ill,  No.  VI. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  387- 

.398- 
Sabatier,  Life  oj  St.  Francis,  esp.  Ch.  V. 
Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  498-509. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  The  Middle  Ages,  304-305,  330- 

333- 
Tout,  Empire  and  Papacy,  334-335.  397-402,  434-449- 
West,  Modern  History,  90-92,  234. 
Wishart,  Monks  and  Monasteries,. 205-257. 
Life  of  St.  Francis,  by  the  Three  Companions  (Temple 

Classics). 
Encyclopedia  articles  on  the  Inquisition,  St.  Francis,  and 

St.  Dominic. 

55 


\\\.     Manorial  Villagi    l  n  i    ind  the  Rise  of  the 

M  I  I'M  \  \l     T<  >\\  \s. 

.1.  Outline. 
{\)  [ntroductory.  [mportance  <<\  economic  history.  Lack 
of  material  for  early  mediaeval  economic  and  so<  ial  li i^t < >r\- 
more  for  the  later  middle  ages.  Absence  of  town  lite  of 
importance  until  the  twelfth  century. 
Majority  of  the  people  in  western  Europe  lived  in  manorial 
villages  from  tin-  sixth  to  the  twelfth  century. 

i.   Definition  of  a  vill  or  m<un>r.     Its  resemblance  to  the 

Roman  villa.     Origin  of  mediaeval  manors. 
j.  i  !ontentsof  a  manorial  estate: — (a)  The  lord's  demesne 
ox  inland.    (b)  The  outland  containing — i.  Theman 
orial    village.     2.  The    peasants'    Gelds.     3.  Pasture 
land,  wood,  and  waste  land. 

3.  The  population  of  the  manor:  —  (<7)  Free — the  lord 
and  his  officers,  priest,  miller,  blacksmith,  and  some 
freemen.  (/')  Qnfret — the  serfs  of  various  kinds  who 
were  attached  to  the  soil  and  some  slaves. 

4.  The  duties  and  obligations  of  the  serfs:  —  (a)  Week 
work  and  boon  work  on  the  lord's  demesne,  (b) 
Special  services  and  payments,  generally  in  kind,  to 
the  lord  at  certain  seasons.  Taxes  and  court  fees 
on  occasion,     (c)  Mutual  help  and  responsibility. 

5.  Life  on  a  mediaeval  manor —  (a)  Its  independence  and 
self-sufficiency  as  regards  outside  intercourse.  (/>) 
Monotony  and  lack  of  progress.  Miserable  food  and 
lodging,  (r)  Spirit  of  brotherhood  and  mutual  assist- 
ance fostered  by  constant  association  in  the  field, 
church,  and  manorial  courts. 

6.  Government  of  the  manor  —  (a)  The  lord  and  his 
officials,  (b)  The  manor  ''court"  and  its  functions 
of  justice  and  administration. 

7.  Agricultural  conditions  on  manors.  Crude  methods, 
poor  farming,  and  waste  of  valuable  land  characteristic 
of  the  system. 

8.  Forces  tending  to  break  up  the  manorial  system  and 
destroy  serfdom — (</)  Increase  of  population,  (b) 
Greater  use  of  money  which  does  away  with  bartering 
and  leads  to  money  payments  instead  of  services,   (c) 

'  56  ' 


Introduction  of  hired  laborers,     (d)  The  growth  of 
towns  which  shelter  fugitive  serfs. 
9.  Gradual  extinction  of  serfdom  in  western  Europe  from 
the  twelfth  to  the  nineteenth  century. 
(3)  The  origin  and  rise  of  the  towns  in  the  later  middle  ages. 

1.  Historical  importance  of  cities  and  towns  as  centers  of 
civilization,  commerce,  and  politics.  Reappearance 
of  town  life  in  western  Europe  a  sign  of  progress. 

2.  Origin  of  mediaeval  towns  from  manors,  from  monastic 
centers,  from  military  fortressess,  and  from  markets. 
The  walled  towns  and  their  character.  Survivals  of 
Roman  cities. 

3.  Narrowness  of  town  life  in  eleventh  and  twelfth  cen- 
turies. Growth  and  expansion  come  with  political 
and  social  emancipation.  Commercial  incentives  to 
liberty.     Charters  and  communes. 

4.  Municipal  development  in  the  different  countries  of 
Europe  —  especially  England  and  France.  Typical 
charters  and  customs.  The  belfry  and  town-hall. 
Merchant  and  craft  gilds.     The  gild  system. 

B.     Rejerences. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  233-242;  Readings,  181-190. 

(2)  Collateral  — Adams,    Civilization,     290-300,     304-310;     European 

History,  218-223. 
Ashley,  English  Economic  History,  I,  5-92. 
Bateson,   Mediceval  England   {"Nations"),  Chs.   5,  6, 

11,  12,  17    18. 
Bourne,  Mediceval  and  Modern  History,  92-98,   120- 

12S. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediceval  Europe,  375—387. 
Cheyney,  English  Industrial  and  Social  History,  31-73 
Cunningham,  Outlines  oj  English  Industrial   History, 

28-60. 
Cunningham,   Western    Civilization    in    Its    Economic 

Aspects,  II,  54-62,  89-106. 
Duruy,  The  Middle  Ages,  208-211,  305-317. 
Duruy,  History  oj  France,  121-125,  135-139. 
Emerton,  Mediceval  Europe,  Ch.  XV,  509-540. 
Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modern  History,   176-183. 
Jessopp,  Coming  oj  the  Friars,  Ch.  II. 
Munro,  Middle  Ages,  Ch.  XIV,  148-159. 
Munro  and  SelJery,  Mediceval  Civilization,  358-365. 
Myers,  Middle  Ages,  170-173,  284-2S9.    . 
Pennsylvania  Translations  and  Reprints.   Vol.  II,  No. 

I,  and  Vol.  Ill,  No.  V,  est.  20-32. 
57 


Robinson,  Readi  uropean  History,  Vol,  t, 

n  'l">s,  Feudal  Regime,  ed   bj  Dow,  ;   16. 

Thatcher  and   McNcal,  Source   /!.>.</,-,    545  604   {Get' 

man 

Warner,    Landmarks  Industrial   Hii 
Chs.  II.  III. 

Modern  II-  14,  116—  ]  .•')• 


\\\l         TRAD!     A.ND    COMMERCl     l\     Mil      MIDDLE    Ac. IS. 

I.      Outline. 

(1)  [mportance  of  the  growth  of  commerce  in  connection  with 
the  towns. 

1  Causes  of  tin-  lack  of  commerce  in  early  middle  ages  —  (a) 
Barbarian  invasions.  (/<)  Lack  of  good  roads,  (c)  Low 
state  <>f  civilization  —no  demand  for  luxuries.  (</)  Re- 
stri<  ted  use  of  money.     <  Mlu-r  reasons. 

immercial  traditions  in  Etaly  keep  alive  Mediterranean 
trade.  The  chief  trading  cities  of  Italy.  The  Italian  mer- 
chant and  the  crusades. 

(4)  Relations  with  the  Orient  -  trading  stations,  trade  routes, 
and  caravans  from  the  east  stimulate  western  commerce  in 
Etaly,  France,  and  Spain. 

immen  ial  development  in  southern  Europe  stimulated 
the  northern  countries.  Industrial  awakening  and  revo 
lution.  Xew  needs  and  new  products  lead  to  better  dis- 
tribution and  growth  in  trade 

(6)  Introduction  of  eastern  luxuries  into  western  Europe.  Ven- 
i(  e  and  the  silk  and  glass  industry.  Growth  of  manufacture 
in  west.  The  French  silks  and  Flemish  cloths.  Trade 
and  exchange  with  the  east. 

(7)  The  commeri  ial  (enters  and  important  trade  routes  in 
western  Europe  -(a)  Trade  from  the  north  with  Venice 
over  the  Brenner  Pass.  (/')  Great  German  trading  centers, 
Hamburg,  Lubeck,  Bremen,  Augsburg,  and  Nuremberg. 
(V)   The  Flemish  cities,  Bruges  and  Ghent. 

•bstacles  in  the  way  of  successful  commercial  expansion 
in  the  middle  ages. 

1.  Lack  of  freedom  and  competition.  No  wholesalers 
" Forestallers "  and  the  idea  of  the  "just  price''' 
Market-. 

58 


2.  Prohibition  on  loaning  money  at  interest  —  "usury" 
and  the  attitude  of  the  Church.  The  Jews  of  the 
middle  ages  as  money-lenders  and  their  history.  The 
Italian  or  "Lombard"  bankers  and  the  use  of  capital. 
Growth  of  companies. 

3.  Vexatious  tolls  and  duties  on  roads,  bridges,  and 
rivers.  Examples  of  such  exactions  on  the  river 
Seine.     Special  market  tolls  and  local  customs. 

4.  Lack  of  uniform  and  honest  coinage.  Debasement 
of  coinage. 

5.  Maritime  commerce  insecure  by  reason  of  pirates, 
wreckers,  and  unjust  "strand  laws,"  besides  natural 

dangers  and  hazards. 

6.  Violence  and  disorder  of  feudal  society  inimical  to 
commerce.  Merchants  and  traders  robbed  and 
murdered. 

(9)  Important  leagues   of  commercial   cities  formed  in  later 
middle  ages  to  further  and  protect  commerce.   The  "  League 
of   Rhine   Cities"   and   the  "Hanseatic   League"  in  Ger- 
many.    Composition  and  history  of  the  latter. 
(10)   Features   of   importance   in    connection    with    mediaeval 
commerce. 

1.  Trade  carried  on  by  towns  rather  than  by  nations  or 
by  individuals.  Mediaeval  corporateness  —  mutual 
responsibility. 

2.  Rise  of  the  burgher  class  in  social  and  political  impor- 
tance. The  Third  Estate  as  a  factor  in  civilization 
and  government  in  western  Europe  after  the  thirteenth 
century. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  242-249;    Readings,   185- 

190. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization,  279-287,  297-300,  304-307. 

Ashley,  English  Economic  History,  I,  60-81,  109-114. 
Bateson,  Mediceval  England,  {"Nations" ),    13X-139, 

260-271,   277-280,   401-406,   416-417. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  386-390,  483,  513. 
Cheyney,  English  Indus/rial  and  Social   History,  75- 

94- 
Cunningham    and    McArthur,    Outlines    oj    English 

Industrial  History,  60-81,  109-114. 
Cunningham,    Western  Civilization,  II,    62-82,    107- 

l37>  154-182. 
59 


Duruy,   Middle  Ages,  318  326,   1"'    164;    History  ol 

France,  166   1 . 
Fox  Bourne,  English  Merchants,  1   32. 
(iiMiins,  //.  1    mtmerce  in  Euroj 

Harding,  Medicrval  and  Modern  History,  [83   188  <///</ 

W(//>. 

Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middlt 

the  Middle  . Iges,  1  oj    151. 
Munro,  History  of  the  Middle  Ages,  im,  tee    150. 
\l   ers,  The  Middle  Ages,  287  305. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  415- 

Thatcher  and  McNeal,  Source  Book,  604  6i  •. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,    \  ;<>,  563   567, 
Warner,    Landmarks  in   English   Industrial   History, 

(lis.  \1I    1\. 
West,  Modern  History,  \  ■  \    [26,  129   [32. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  ON  TOPICS   XXIV  -XXXI  OF  THE 

<  tl  TLINE. 

xxiv  and  xxv. 

( 1  1  Why  is  the  important  e  of  the  crusades  often  overrated  ?      What  aspei  t 
of  the  movement  was  of  must  significance  in  European  history? 
Discuss  the  general  causes  of  the  crusading  movement  under  the  two 
heads  religious  and  political. 

live  an  account  <>f  the  influences  promoting  the  first  crusade.  What 
source  material  have  you  studied  in  connection  with  the  first  crusade 
and  what  impression  did  it  convey  as  to  the  movemenl  . 

1  1 )  Tnat  1  lit  i .  ally  the  legend  of  Peter  the  Hermit  and  his  milium  e 

1  :ac  e  out  on  a  map  of  Europe  the  route  of  the  different  bands  of  crusa- 
ders and  crusades  to  the  east.     Which  came  to  be  the  chief  mute.-' 

(6)  Tell  in  a  brief  way  the  story  of  the  a<  tual  first  crusade  to  1 100. 

-.plain  or  comment  on  —  (a)  Kingdom  of  Jerusalem;  (/<)  Militant 
monastic  orders;  (c)  St.  Bernard  and  the  second  crusade;  (</)  Saladin: 
[e  I   Fourth  crusade. 

(8)   Dis  uss  the  chief  direct  results  of  the  crusades  on  western  Europe. 

XXVI  and  XXVII. 
in  In  what  ways  did  the  mediaeval  Church  differ  from  modern  churches? 
Are  there  any  modem  churches  that  in  any  way  resemble  the  mediaeval 
Church? 
(2)  Discuss  the  position  and  powers  of  the  mediaeval  popes. 

I  -.plain  the  hierarchical  organization  of  the  mediaeval  Church  and  com- 
ment on  the  functions  of  archbishops,  bishops,  and  priests. 
(4)  Summarize  the  chief  sources  of  the  power  exercised  by  the  Church  in 
the  middle  ages. 

:  numerate  and  briefly  explain  the  "seven  sacraments."     What  two  were 
[ally  important  and  why? 

60 


(6)  Explain  or  comment  on — (a)  Canon  law;  (b)  Papal  Bulls;  (c)  Chap- 
ters; (d)  Parishes;  (e)  The  "Sentences";  (/)  Excommunication  and 
interdict;  (g)  Ecclesiastical  democracy. 

xxviii  and  xxix. 
(i)  What  point  of  view  should  be  adopted  in  discussing  the  question  of  the 
.character  of  the  mediaeval  clergy  ? 

(2)  What  chiefly  led  to  corruption  among  the  clergy  and  what  forms  did 
corruption  take?     What  criticism  did  the  evil  in  the  Church  evoke? 

(3)  Discuss  the  origin  and  development  of  heresy  in  western  Europe  during 
the  later  middle  ages.     What  two  classes  of  heretics  were  there  ? 

(4)  Explain  the  appearance  of  laws  against  heretics  made  by  lay  rulers  and 
enumerate  the  various  methods  tried  by  the  Church  to  overcome  heresy. 

(5)  Comment  on  or  explain  —  (a)  Albigensian  crusade;  (ft)  The  Inquisition 
and  its  procedure;  (c)  St.  Dominic  and  his  order;  (d)  Monks  and 
friars. 

(6)  Give  an  account  of  the  life  and  work  of  St.  Francis  of  Assissi. 

xxx  and  xxxi. 

(1)  What  sort  of  history  do  we  call  that  which  deals  with  the  condition  and 
habits  of  the  farmer,  trader,  and  artisan  ?     Why  is  it  important  ? 

(2)  Define  a  manor  or  vill  and  give  a  brief  clear  account  of  its  life. 

(3)  In  what  wavs  did  towns  originate  in  western  Europe  and  how  did  they 
gain  self-government?  What  important  sources  have  we  for  the 
towns  ? 

(4)  Discuss  the  gild  system  of  the  middle  ages  and  its  good  features. 

(5)  How  was  commerce  revived  in  western  Europe?  What  countries  led 
the  way,  and  why  ?  What  results  did  the  new  commerce  have  on  in- 
dustry ? 

(6)  Enumerate  and  briefly  comment  on  the  chief  hindrances  to  commerce 
in  the  middle  ages.  How  were  many  of  these  obstacles  overcome 
by  towns? 


6i 


\\\  1 1     'I'm    Languagi   \\i'  i  111    Literature  of  Medleval 

Europi  . 
I .     ( >uUine. 
(\)  Need  of  studying  the  intellectual  side  of  mediaeval  life  in 
order  to  ^<t  a  true  idea  of  the  age. 

(2)  Tin'  Languages  in  the  middle  ages. 

1 .  Latin  used  by  the  educated  class  both  in  writing  and 
speaking.     Convenience  of  Latin  as  a  universal  inter 
national  language.     Its  value  to  the  clergy  and  its 
long  piv\  alence  in  Europe. 

j.  Germanic  languages  in  western  Europe.  Theirorigin 
ami  the  chief  countries  having  them. 

3.  Romance  languages  derived  fromspoken  Latin      Ital 
ian,  French,  Portuguese,  and  Spanish.     How  the  ro 
mance  tongues  were  formed  in  the  old  provinces  of  the 
Roman  empire.     The  Strasburg  oaths. 

(3)  The  vernacular  literature  of  the  middle  ages. 

1.  Early  Germanic  Literature.  Bishop  Ulfilas  (<l.  381) 
and  his  Gothic  Bible.  Charlemagne  and  vernacular 
literature.  The  "Song  of  the  Niebelungs"  and  its 
history. 

2.  Early  English  or  Anglo-Saxon  literature.  Caedmon. 
The  "Beowulf"  epic.  Alfred  the  Great  and  the 
Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle.  Transition  from  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  middle  English  to  modern  English. 

3.  French  literature  and  its  importance  during  the  later 
middle  ages.  The  two  great  dialects  of  France- 
French  (langue  d'oil)  in  the  north  and  Provencal 
(langue  d'oi  )  in  the  south. 

4.  Literature  of  northern  France.  "Long  epic  romances 
in  cycles.  Legends  of  Charlemagne  and  his  court. 
The  "Soul;;  of  Roland."  The  Arthurian  and  other 
great  cycles.  Love  romances  in  verse  and  prose, 
fabliaux  or  tales  of  everyday  life  in  verse,  and  fables. 

5.  Literature  of  Provence.  Songs  and  lyrics  of  love  and 
chivalry  composed  by  troubadours  and  sung  by  jong- 
leurs. Wide  influence  of  Provencal  literature.  The 
Albigensian  crusade  and  its  dire  effects  on  Toulouse 
and  Languedoc  in  general. 

62 


B.     References. 

(0  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  250-256. 
(2)  Collateral  —  Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediceval  Europe,  527-534,  46, 
216-217. 
Duruy,  History  of  the  Middle  Ages,  225-226,  228-230, 

332~336- 
Emerton,  Mediceval  Europe,  26-2S,  471-476. 
Henderson,  Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  101,  430-432 

{N  ibelungodied). 
Masson,  Mediceval  France,  3S-46. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediceval  Civilization,  310-347. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  3S6-388,  400-404,  410,  422- 

423- 

Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  431- 

437- 
Saintsbury,  The  Flourishing  oj  Romance. 
Smith,    The   Troubadours   at    Home,    2    vols.,    esp.    I, 

150  IT. 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  605-609,  614-615. 
West,  Modern  History,  205-207. 


XXXIII.     Chivalry  as  Depicted  in  Medieval  Literature 

and  the  Lack  of  any  Historical  and    Scientific 

Knowledge. 

A .     Outline. 

(1)  Reflection  of  the  life  and  aspirations  of  the  feudal  period 
in  the  vernacular  literature.  Chivalry  and  knighthood  in 
middle  ages. 

1.  Chivalry  the  spirit  of  feudal  society,  not  a  formal  insti- 
tution. 

2.  Importance  attached  by  the  early  Germans  to  the 
assumption  of  arms  reflected  in  the  military  education 
and  final  knighting  of  youths  of  good  family  in  the 
later  middle  ages. 

3.  Character  and  ideals  of  the  knightly  class  or  order. 
Admission  of  members  through  merit  rather  than  birth. 
Duties  of  a  knight  in  regard  to  the  Church,  the  weak 
and  helpless,  the  infidel,  his  lord,  the  poor,  his  lady, 
and  society  in  general.     Knightly  honor. 

4.  Chivalry  "the  Christianized  profession  of  arms." 
The  ideal  knight  of  Arthurian  romance,  Sir  Lancelot, 
and  how  he  bore  himself. 

(2)  German  chivalric  and   knightly   literature.     The   minne- 

63 


si>:    •       \\  dther  von  der  Vogelweide's  songs  and  Wolf  ram 
von  Eschenba<  h's  "  Parsifal." 
■  Contrast  between  earlier  and  later  chivalric  ideals  and  the 
chivalry  of  northern  France  a-  compared    with    thai    of 
Pro  mi  r. 

Few  books  and  little  reading  in  the  middle  ages.  Poems 
and  stories  sung  and  recited  by  professional  minstrels  and 
jongleurs.  Distorted  knowledge  of  the  pasl  Erom  semi- 
historical  romances.  Villehardouin. 
Lack  of  any  real  scientific  knowledge.  Absurdities  of 
mediaeval  s<  ientifh  literature  —  wonderful  beasts,  birds,  and 
plants.  Allegorical  science  and  popular  superstitions  and 
delusions  exampled. 

/'<     References. 

(i)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  256  261;  Readings,  mi    [95. 
(2)  Collateral — Adams,  Civilization,  276-277  ;  and  European  History, 
261, 
Bemoat  and  M I,  Mediaeval  Europe,  257-262,  525- 

535- 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  230-232,  330-332-  337  338- 
Henderson,   Germany  in  the  Middle  Ages,  423-430, 

I  57- 
Henderson,  Short  History  0)  Germany,  I.  m-121. 
Mallory,   Mori  d'Artkur  (Temple  Classics). 
M  '  son,  Mediaeval  brume  ("Nations"),  33-46. 
Munro,  Middle  Ages,  Ch.  XIII,  [35    1  17. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediaeval  Civilization,  240-247. 
Myers,   />},  Middle  Ages,  181-187,  423. 
Robinson,    Readings    in    European    History,    Vol.    I, 

437-446. 
Steele,  Mediaval  Lore  (Selections from  Bart.  Anglicus). 
Stoddard,  Bertram!  du  Guesclin,  17-30. 
Thatcher  and  Si  hwill,  Middle  Ages,  603-609. 
West,  Modern  History,  44-46,  48-50. 
Special:     Cornish,  Chivalry;  and  Gautier,  Chivalry. 

XXXIV.    The  Arts  ix  the  Middle  Ages.     Romanesque  and 

Gothic  Architecture. 

A.     Outline. 

(1)  The  artistic  activities  of  the  middle  ages  in  the  service  of 
religion. 

(2)  Mediaeval  paintings,  pictures,  and  illuminations. 

1.  Character  of  illuminative  paintingin  the  monasteries  — 
brilliant  coloring  of  formal  designs  in  religious  works. 
64 


The  pictures  of  everyday  life  in  secular  books.     Fan- 
tastic pictures. 

2.  Symbolic  character  of  mediaeval  painting,  significance 
of  colors  and  of  attitudes.  Lack  of  individuality  and 
of  motion,  but  marvellous  technique  shown. 

3.  Illuminated  letters  and  borders  show  greater  freedom 
than  the  pictures  and  more  individuality.  Subjects 
drawn  from  nature. 

(3)  Mediaeval  sculpture  decorative  and  subservient  to  architec- 
ture. 

(4)  Architecture:  the  dominant  art  of  the  middle  ages. 

1.  Great  cathedrals  and  churches  of  western  Europe 
monuments  of  mediaeval  art.  Importance  of  the 
church  edifice  to  the  community  in  general.  Mediaeval 
churches  as  museums  of  art. 

2.  Romanesque  church  architecture.  Its  origin,  general 
characteristics,  and  prevalence  up  to  the  thirteenth 
century.  Specimens  of  Romanesque  exteriors  and 
interiors. 

3.  Gothic  church  architecture.  Introduction  of  the  pointed 
arch  and  its  general  adoption  in  the  thirteenth  century. 
Results  of  using  pointed  arches.  Other  characteristics 
of  Gothic  —  flying  buttresses,  stained  glass,  ornamental 
sculpture,  and  tracery. 

4.  Secular  and  domestic  architecture  in  the  middle  ages. 
Gothic  town  halls  and  chateaus.  The  mediaeval 
castle. 

(5)  Progress  of  the  arts  by  the  close  of  the  middle  ages.     The 
renaissance. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed  —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  261-267. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Bemont  and    Monod,    Mediceval  Europe,   536-541. 

Duruy,  History  of  the  Middle  Ages,  232,  233,  339-340. 
D'Anvers,  Elementary  History  oj  Art,  Part  I,  64-75, 

80-96,  199-212. 
Fergusson,  History  oj  Architecture,  I,  Part  II,  395- 

424,  522-555,  600-609. 
Lubke,^ History  oj  Art,  I,  Ch.  Ill;  and  II,  Ch.  IV. 
Masson,  Mediceval  France,  127-132. 
Moore,  Development  oj  Gothic  Architecture. 
Reber,  History  oj  Mediceval  Art,  244-308,  480-519. 
Rosengartcn,  Architectural  Styles,  230-253,  287-370. 

65 


Sturges,   European  Architecture,   i  17   t8i,  186  .so 
Tuckerman,  Short  History  «)  Architecture,  Chs.   l\ 

and  V 
\\  1   1    Modern  History,  210  214. 


\\\\.  Education  in  nn  Later  Middli  Ages  and  the 
Generai  Progress  oi  1  m  Period  in  CrvrLizATioN. 
.1.  Outline. 
{ 1 )  Absence  of  institutions  of  learning  in  western  Europe  during 
the  early  middle  ages.  Elementary  instruction  trivium 
and  quadrivium  —  given  in  the  cathedral  and  monastic 
-i  hools. 

(2)  Abelard  and  the  rise  of  the  great  mediaeval  universities  of 
Paris,  Bologna,  and  (  >xford. 

1.  The  story  of  the  young  scholar,  Abelard  (d.  1142),  and 
his  pursuit  of  learning.  How  he  became  a  teacher  and 
hi>  little  text-book  "Yea  and  Nay."  His  opinions 
and  methods. 

2.  Abelardand  Bernard  of  Clairvaux,  his  persecutor.  His 
man\-  misfortunes  and  sad  end.  Influence  of  his 
teachings  in  promoting  freer  discussion  of  religious 
questions.  His  relation  to  the  university  movement 
of  the  time. 

3.  Origin  of  the  University  of  Paris  in  the  union  of 
teachers  there  into  a  corporation  or  universitas  in  the 
twelfth  century.  Privileges  granted  to  the  scholars 
by  the  pope  and  French  king. 

4.  Growth  and  formation  of  the  great  university  at 
Bologna  devoted  chiefly  to  the  study  of  Roman  and 
canon  law.  Gratian's  famous  text-book  of  canon  law, 
theDecretum.     Student  government. 

5.  Growth  of  a  university  at  Oxford.  Theories  as  to  its 
origin.  Founding  of  Cambridge  and  of  other  later 
mediaeval  universities.  Paris  and  Bologna  the  models 
for  north  and  south  respectively. 

(3)  Mediaeval  degrees,  methods  of  instruction,  and  courses  of 
study. 

1.  Origin  of  the  bachelor's  and  master's  degrees.     The 
degree  a  license  to  teach,  but  also  an  honor.    The 
mediaeval  degree  of  doctor. 
66 


2.  Character  of  the  students  in  mediaeval  universities. 
Uncomfortable  quarters  and  elementary  methods  of 
instruction  —  text-books  and  note-taking.  Freedom 
of  movement  —  migrations  and  changes  of  residence. 

3.  The  six-year  academic  course  for  the  master's  degree 
and  the  studies  pursued  —  logic,  physical  and  math- 
matical  sciences,  philosophy,  and  ethics;  absence  of 
history  and  languages.     Universal  use  of  Latin. 

(4)  Aristotle,  the  idol  of  the  schoolmen,  and  Mediaeval  Scholasti- 

cism. 

1.  General  use  made  of  Aristotle's  works  as  text-books  — 
his  Physics,  Metaphysics,  Logic,  Ethics,  and  so  forth, 
known  to  the  later  middle  ages  through  the  Greeks 
or  Arabs.     Faulty  Latin  translations. 

2.  Aristotle  though  a  thorough  pagan  won  the  admiration 
and  reverence  of  mediaeval  students  by  his  logic  and 
learning.  Commentaries  on  his  works  by  Albertus 
Magnus  (d.  1280)  and  Thomas  Aquinas  (d.  1274). 

3.  Meaning  of  the  term  scholasticism.  Criticism  of  its 
methods  and  results.  What  can  be  said  in  defense 
of  the  scholastic  writers.  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  and 
his  work.     Value  of  training  in  logic. 

4.  The  great  Franciscan  friar,  Roger  Bacon  (d.  about 
1290),  as  a  critic  of  Aristotelian  logic.  His  advocacy 
of  experimental  science.  His  own  achievements  and 
prophetic  utterances  foreshadow  modern  science. 

(5)  The  two  great  divisions  of  the  middle  ages. 

1.  The  Dark  Ages,  from  the  barbarian  invasions  to  the 
eleventh  century,  a  period  of  turmoil  and  distraction 
only  relieved  by  Charlemagne's  efforts  at  orderly 
government  and  education. 

2.  The  "later  Middle  Ages,"  beginning  with  the  intel- 
lectual awakening  of  the  eleventh  century  which 
ushered  in  the  brilliant  and  progressive  twelfth  and 
thirteenth  centuries. 

(6)  Striking  changes  that  took  place  during  the  later  middle 
ages. 

1.  Group  of  national  states  appeared  in  western  Europe 
with  strong  kings,  and  imperialism  and  feudalism 
both  gave  way. 

C>7 


rhe  "nut  mediaeval  Church  with  its  theocratic  and 
imperial  pretensions  i>  threatened  by  the  growing 
national  states. 

;.  Appearance  and  growth  in  influence  of  the  third 
estate. 

.).  Rise  of  vernacular  literatures  and  of  secular  learning. 

5.  Rise  of  the  universities  and  expansion  of  the  curri- 
culum study  <if  Roman  and  canon  law,  theology, 
Aristotelian  logic  and  philosophy. 

().  Beginnings  *>f  modern  experimental  science  with 
Roger  Bat  on. 

7.  Development  of  artistic  ability  —  Gothic  church 
architecture. 

7>.    References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  267-276;   Readings,    195- 

200. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilisation,   365-373;  European  History,  261- 

265. 
Harry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  246  259. 
Bemont  and  Monod,  Mediaeval  Europe,  515-527. 
Compayre,  Abelard,  "Creot  Educators,"  esp.  Part  I, 

3-69. 
Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  326-330. 
Emerton,  Mediaval  Europe,  446-  170. 
Haskins,  Life  <>j  Mediaval  Students,  Amer.  Hist.  Rev. 

Ill,  203-22'). 
II     kins,  University  <>j  Paris,  ibid  X,  1-27. 
fessopp,  Coming  oj  the  Friars,  Ch.  6. 
Laurie  Rise  <>j  Universities,  esp.  Lectures  VI,  VIII, 

IX  -XIII. 
McCabe,  Peter  Abelard,  esp.  Chs.  I-IV,  XII-XV. 
Monroe,  History  0}  Education,  292-337. 
Munro,  The  Middle  Ages,  160    [68. 
Munro  and  Sellery,  Mediaval  Civilization,  34S-357. 
Myers,   The  Middle  Ages,  307-323. 
Pemi.  Translations  and  Reprints,  Vol.  II,  No.  iii. 
Rashdall,  The  Universities  «j  Europe  in   the   Middle 

Ays,  esp.  Vol.  I,  Chs.  I,  IV,  V;  and    Vol.   II   Chs. 

xii,  xiv. 

Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  446- 

465- 

Stillc,  Studies  in  Mediaval  History,  Ch.  XI IT. 
That'  her  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  588-602. 
Tout,  J:.mpirr  and  Papacy,  209-214,  217-220,  428-432, 

446-449. 
West,  Modem  History,   193-205. 

68 


XXXVI.  England  at   the  Close  of  the  Middle  Ages  and 

the  Hundred  Years'  War  to  the  Peace  of 

Bretigny  (1360). 

A .     Outline. 

(1)  Geographical  limitations  of  English  power  up  to  Edward  I. 
Wales  and  Scotland  practically  independent  principalities. 

1.  Edward  I  and  Wales.  Long  border  warfare  between 
English  and  Welsh  —  border  earldoms  and  marches. 
Difficulties  in  the  way  of  subduing  the  Welsh  finally 
overcome.     The  Welsh  settlement. 

2.  Scotland  during  the  middle  ages  and  her  relations  with 
England.  Picts  and  Scots  in  the  Highlands  and  Eng- 
lish in  the  Lowlands.  Edinburgh.  Development  of 
the  Lowlands. 

3.  Edward  I's  intervention  in  Scottish  affairs  (1290)  and 
its  results.  Scotch  alliance  with  France.  Attempt 
of  Edward  to  annex  Scotland.  Final  triumph  of 
Scottish  independence  (13 14). 

(2)  Growth  of  the  power  of  parliament  under  Edward  I  and  II. 
Origin  of  parliamentary  government.  Deposition  of  Ed- 
ward II  (1327).  Beginning  of  the  bi-cameral  system  in 
England. 

(3)  Causes  of  the  great  Hundred  Years'  War  between  England 
and  France. 

1 .  Possession  by  the  English  kings,  as  vassals,  of  the  duchy 
of  Guienne  in  southwestern  France. 

2.  French  aid  furnished  to  the  Scotch  in  their  wars  with 
England. 

3.  Commercial  interests  of  England  in  Flanders  threat- 
ened by  the  French.  Rebellion  of  Flemish  weavers 
against  feudal  control. 

4.  As  a  result  of  the  growing  friction  and  in  order  to 
attach  the  Flemish  to  him,  Edward  III.  claims  the 
French  crown,  though  of  female  descent,  and  assumes 
the  French  royal  arms. 

(4)  Events  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War  to  the  Peace  of  Bretigny 
in  1360. 

1.  Opening  of  the  war  in  the  Low  Countries.     Naval 
victory  of  England  at  Sluys  (1340). 
69 


rransference  of  military  operations  i"  northwestern 
France.  English  invasion  of  Normandy  and  victory 
.11  Crecj  (1346).  Tin'  lesson  of  the  battle.  The 
1  apture  of  t Calais  ( 1347). 

;.  Resumption  "t  war  after  seven  years'  truce.  \  i>  tory 
of  the  IJl.uk  Prince  over  King  John  of  France  at 
Poitiers  ( 1356). 

1.  Attempted  reforms  in  France  l>v  the  Estates  General 
under  the  influence  <>f  tin-  third  estate.     The  revolu 
tionarj  proposals  defeated  by  the  violence  of  the  |  »<  >j  Hi- 
lar ]»art\-  in  Paris      a  medieval  foreshadowing  of  the 
Liter  French  Revolution. 

;.  Ci imparist in  < if  the  Estates  ( reneral  1  if  France  with  the 
English  parliament  as  regards  organization  and  powers. 

6.  The  Peace  of  Bretigny  and  its  important  terms. 

/>'.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  277  287;  Readings,  201- 

20,;. 

(2)  Collateral — Adams,  Civilisation,   331—334,  348-351. 

Adams,  European  1 1 islory,  230,  231,  240-242,  51S-520. 
Adams,  Growth  0)  the  French  Nation,   to8   ti8. 
Andrews,  History  of  England,  [38,  [39,  [57—165,  167- 

170. 
Cheyney,  Short  History  oj  England,  210-242. 
("oman    ami    Kendall,    History  oj   England,    134-140, 

152—160. 
Duruy,  The  Middle  Ages,  388—405. 
Duruy,  History  of  France,  1X3-202. 
Gardiner,  Student's  II  islory  oj  England,  210,  215-246, 

251    254. 
Green,   Short   History,    [6i    [69,    [8i    [93,   207-216, 

2-^3-23'- 
[larding,    Mediaval    mid  Modern   History,   224-225, 

,   232,  234-237. 
Hassall,  The  French  People,  104-109. 
Lamed,   History  oj  England,   152,  [53,167—175. 
Lodge,  Close  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  62-90. 
Masson,  Mediaval  France,  [71—209. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  372-380. 
Oman,   England  mid  the  Hundred  Years'  War,  7-41, 

I  5  "54- 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  1,466- 

472- 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  524-531. 
Walker,  Essentials  in  English  History,  1  71-175,  188- 

194- 

70 


XXXVII.  Conditions  in  England  and  France  During  the 
War  and  the  Close  of  the  Great  Struggle. 
A.     Outline. 
(i)  Resumption    of   hostilities   after   the   Treaty   of   Bretigny 
through  troubles  in  Spain  and  the  misgovernment  of  the 
Black  Prince  in  Guienne.     Successful  reign  of  Charles  V. 
of  France  (1364-1380). 

(2)  111  success  of  English  in  France.  Retirement  of  Black 
Prince.  The  French  advance  under  Bertrand  du  Guesclin. 
English  possessions  in  1377. 

(3)  Conditions  in  England  and  France  during  the  first  part  of 
the  war. 

1.  France  the  chief  sufferer,  being  the  scene  of  hostilities 
and  being  overrun  with  mercenaries.  Petrarch's 
description. 

2.  The  Black  Death  (bubonic  plague)  of  1348-1349. 
Its  progress  westward  and  terrible  ravages  in  France 
and  England. 

3.  Economic  change  and  social  unrest  and  discontent  in 
England  due  to  the  scarcity  of  labor  after  the  Black 
Death  and  the  increased  taxation  to  support  the  war. 

4.  The  Statute  of  Laborers  of  1351  and  its  results. 
Break  up  of  the  manorial  system.  "  Piers  Plowman." 
The  Poll  Taxes  of  1379-1380  and  the  great  uprising 
of  1 38 1.     Serfdom  declines. 

(4)  Political  changes  in  England.  Abdication  of  Richard  II 
(I377_I399)  and  accession  of  first  Lancastrian  king,  Henry 
IV  (1399-1413). 

(5)  Henry  V  (1413-1422)  of  England  revives  English  claims  to 
France  and  the  Hundred  Years'  War  is  resumed. 

1.  Charles  VI  of  France  (1380-1422)  weak-minded  and 
incapable  of  governing.  Rival  factions  led  by  the 
royal  dukes  of  Burgundy  and  of  Orleans.  Murder 
of  Orleans  (1407)  leads  to  civil  war. 

2.  Lack  of  grounds  for  war  on  England's  part.  Henry 
V's  invasion  of  France  and  victory  at  Agincourt 
(141 5).  Murder  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy  by  the 
Orleanists  and  the  Treaty  of  Troves  (1420). 

3.  Succession  of  infant  king  Henry  VI  to  both  kingdoms 
by  the  deaths  of  Henry  V  and  Charles   VI.      His 

71 


position  in  Fran<  e.  Sua  e  >ful  regen<  y  of  the  duke  of 
Bedford  between  i 422  and  [429. 
i.  Weakne  »  of  Charles  VH's  position  "the  Dauphin" 
or  "king  of  Bourges."  Sudden  appearance  <>f  ;i 
>a\icr  for  France  in  person  of  the  peasant  girl  of 
Domremy,   Joan   of  Arc.     Her   visions   and  voices. 

5.  Story  of  Juan  of  Arc's  public  career.  Audience  with 
the  Dauphin,  relief  of  Orleans  (1429),  coronation  of 
Charles  VII  at  Rheins  (1429),  Compiegne  (14,^0), 
trial  and  execution  at  Rouen  (1431).     Her  influence. 

6.  English  lose  ground  in  France.  Death  of  Bedford 
(1435)  and  desertion  of  English  cause  by  Burgundy 
and  its  effect.  Normandy  recovered  by  France 
(1450),  and  struggle  ends  in  1453  with  Calais  alone 
in  the  possession  of  England. 

B.     References. 

(1)  Prescribed —  Robinson,  Western  Europe,  287-295. 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Growth  oj  the  French  Nation,  119-133. 

Andrews,  History  oj  England,  171  -176,  [83    [88,  204- 

208. 
Cheyney,  Short  History  oj   England,     243-251,    255, 
256,  267   . 

Duruy,  Middle  Ages,  405-432. 

Duruy,  History  0}  France,  203-208,  212-238,  245-247. 

Gardiner,    Student's     History    oj    England,     254-251), 

270,  300-314,  318-320. 
Green,  Short  History  oj  the  English  People,  233,  234, 

244-255-  267   281. 
Harding,    Mediaval   and    Modern    History,    232-234, 

237    J44- 
Hassall,  trench  People,  110-116. 
Lodge,  ( 'lose  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  89-97,  3IO-35I- 

on,  Mediaval  France,  210-272. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  378,  379,  380-384. 
Oman,  Hundred  Years'  War,  (11-126. 
Pennsylvania    Translations    and    Reprints,    Vol.    II, 

No.  5. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  472- 

477- 
Stoddard,  Bertrand  dn  Guesclin,  Chs.  YI-XV. 
Terry,  History  oj  England,  371-375,    382-388,   404- 

411,  443-460,  464,  465. 
That,  her  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  531-538. 

West,  Modern  History,  153-158. 


72 


XXXVIII.     Political    and    Governmental    Conditions     in 

England  and  France  During  the  Later  Fifteenth 

Century. 

A.    Outline. 

(i)  The  Wars  of  the  Roses  in  England  (1455-1485)  and  their 
results. 

1.  The  wars  dynastic  in  origin  —  rival  royal  houses — and 
aristocratic  in  character.  Cruel  and  vindictive  char- 
acter of  the  struggle.  Armies  of  retainers  on  either 
side. 

2.  Thirty  years  of  battles,  plots,  and  murders  in  England. 
Overthrow  of  Lancastrian  king  Henry  VI  (1461)  and 
supremacy  of  Yorkist  rulers  —  Edward  IV  (1461- 
1483),  Edward  V  (1483),  and  Richard  III  (1483- 
1485).     Victorv  of  Henrv  Tudor  at  Bosworth  Field 

(1485)- 

3.  Henry  VII  (1485-1500)  the  first  Tudor  king.  His 
claims  to  the  throne.  Increase  of  royal  power  through 
dying  out  of  the  old  nobility  in  the  wars.  Tudor 
despotism. 

(2)  Affairs    in   France   under   Charles  VII    (1422-1461)     and 
Louis  XI  (1461-1483). 

1.  Establishment  of  a  standing  army  in  France  in  place 
of  the  old  feudal  array.  Paid  officers  and  soldiers 
after  1439.  The  "tattle."  —  a  permanent  tax  to 
support  the  army.     French  kings  absolute. 

2.  Growth  of  great  royal  duchies  in  France  from  appan- 
ages a  menace  to  the  central  power.  Map  of  France 
at  the  close  of  the  Hundred  Years'  War.  Power  of 
Burgundy  especially  menacing. 

3.  Charles  VII  begins  the  task  of  reducing  the  new 
feudal  lords  to  royal  control.  Restrictions  on  their 
power  and  independence. 

4.  Louis  XI  (1461-1483)  and  the  dukes  of  Burgundy. 

(a)  Creation  of  new  Burgundian  line  in  1363  by 
John  presenting  Burgundy  to  his  younger  son 
Philip. 

(b)  Acquisition  of  other  territories  by  new  Burgun- 
dian    house  —  Franche-Comte,     Luxembourg, 

73 


Flanders,  Artois,  and  Brabant  ;ill  ruled  over  l>v 
Philip  the  Good  (1410  1 467). 
(i  1  Charles  the  Bold  (1467   1477)  and  his  ambition 
to  conquer  Lorraine  and  be  crowned  king  of  a 
middle  kingdom. 
(</)  Opposition  to  Charles  the  Bold's  plans  from 
Louis  XI    and  from  the  Emperor.     His  defeats 
by  the  Swiss  in  1  170,  and  his  death  at  the  siege 
of  Nancy  in  1.177. 
(e)  Marriage  1  f  Mary  of  Burgundy,  to  Maximilian, 
King   of   the    Romans,    frustrates    Louis   XI's 
plans.     His  seizure  of  the  duchy  of  Burgundy, 
however,  in<  reases  the  royal  power. 
5.  Louis  XI's  successful  work    in  acquiring  territor)  in 
central  and  southern  France  and  in  humbling  the  great 
nobles.      lli>    cruel     and     underhand     methods.      I  In 
character  as  given  by  Commines. 
(3)  General    results   of   the    period    in  England    and  France. 
Strengthening  of  the  central  authority  through  the  destru< 
tion  of  the  feudal   nobility.      Rulers  independent   of  feudal 
dues  through  growth  of  commerce  and  industry.     Strong 
national  states  formed  ruled  by  strong  kings. 

/>'.     References. 

(1     Prescribed —  Robinson,   Western  Europe,   296-302;   Readings,  203- 

209. 
(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  European  History,  233,  234,  143,  1  1  1,  526,  5  7. 
Duruy,  Middle  A ges,  431,432,  137    h-' 
Harding,    Mediceval  and    Modern    History,   251-251. 

255, 
Lodge,  Close  of  the  Middle  Ages,  351-355,  358-390. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  384  386,  397,  398. 
Robinson,    Readings    in    European   History,    Vol.    I, 

177    ls7- 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  539-543. 
West,  Modern  History,   K>i     [62,    [66    [68. 
England —Chcyney,  Short  History  o)  England,  269    •;'>. 

Coman  and  Kendall,  History  o)  England,  196-206. 
Green,  Short  History,  281—294,  299—303. 
France     Adams,  Growth  0)  the  French  Nation,  133-]  i.v 
Duruy,  History  oj  France,  239-245,  247-274. 
Hassall,  The  French  People,  117    1  19. 
Masson,  Mcd'ucval  France,  273-303. 


74 


XXXIX.  The  Decline  of  Papal  Power  and  the  Conditions 

Leading  up  to  Attempted  Reform  by  Councils. 

.1.     Gull  inc. 

(i)  Effect  of  the  growth  of  strong  national  states  on  the  Pope 
and  the  Church  as  regards  their  influence  in  civil  govern- 
ment. Problem  of  the  proper  relations  of  Church  and 
State  becomes  important. 

(2)  Pope  Boniface  VIII's  (1 294-1303)  difficulties  with  France 
and  England. 

1.  Taxation  of  the  property  of  the  clergy  by  the  kings  of 
England  and  France  leads  to  the  famous  bull  of 
Cleric  is  !<iicosoi  1296  forbidding  the  clergy  to  pay  or 
rulers  to  levy  such  taxes. 

2.  Retaliatory  measures  in  England  and  France  lead  to 
concessions  on  the  Pope's  part  as  to  feudal  dues  and 
loans  from  the  clergy.  Important  setback  to  the  papal 
power. 

3.  Boniface  VIII's  great  jubilee  of  1300  a  manifestation 
of  the  loyalty  of  western  Europe  to  Rome  as  a  religious 
center,  and  not  a  recognition  of  the  Pope's  political 
power. 

4.  The  second  quarrel  with  Philip  the  Fair  of  France 
arising  out  of  the  bold  language  of  the  papal  legate. 
The  French  legists  urge  the  king  to  retaliation  and  are 
backed  by  the  Estates  General  of  1302. 

5.  Nogaret  and  the  affair  at  Anagni.  Death  of  Boniface 
VIII  (1303)  and  the  election  of  the  French  Pope 
Clement  V.     Transference  of  the  Papacy  to  France 

(iJQS-^M-) 

6.  Revocation  of  Boniface's  decrees  and  destruction  of 
the  Templars.  Settlement  of  the  Papacy  at  Avignon 
after  Clement's  death. 

(3)  The  Babylonian  captivity  of  the  Church  (1305-1377)  and 
the  Wycliffe  movement  in  England. 

1.  Line  of  French  popes  under  French  royal  influence  and 
maintaining  a  luxurious  court  brings  Papacy  into  dis- 
repute. 

2.  Loss  of  Italian  revenues  leads  to  increased  papal  taxa- 
tion and  exactions.     Sale  of  benefices  and  dispensa 

75 


tions,  heavj  fees,  and  other  exaction  .     Reservations 
and  " |>r<>\ isors." 
;.  Opposition    to    papal    exactions    in    England.     The 
Statute  of  Provisors  of  1352.     Papal  revenues  from 
England. 

4.  John  WydifTe  (c.  1320  [384)  and  his  attack  on  the 
Pope  and  on  the  abuses  in  the  Church.  His  "simple 
priests"  and  the  first  English  Bible.     His  prose  style 

in  his  tra<  tS  and  sermons. 

5.  Wycliffe's  social  and  political  influence  in  England, 
lli^  escape  from  serious  persecution.  The  Lollard 
movement  in  England  and  the  Hussite  in  Bohemia 
attest  his  influen<  e. 

I  1 1  Return  of  Pope  Gregory  XI  to  Rome  and  his  death.  Elec- 
tion of  rival  popes,  Italian  and  French,  leads  to  the  Great 
Schism  and  divides  Europe  religiously  for  forty  years 
I  [378   141 7).     Plans  for  reform. 

/>'.     References. 
I  h  Prescribed — Robinson,  Western  Europe,  303—311.   Readings,     11 

(2)  Collateral  —  Adams,  Civilization,  393-404;  European  History,  283- 
286. 
Barry,  The  Papal  Monarchy,  391—428. 
Creighton,  History  0)  the  Papacy,  I,  29-50,  302  If. 
Duruy,  History  oj  the  Middle  Ages,  371—382,  509-513. 
Green    Short  History  oj  the  English  People,  23 
Harding,   Mediaeval  and  Modern   History,  264   266. 
I  .<  k  Ige,  ( 'lose  oj  the  Middle .  I  ges,  29-31,  54—56,  1 55- 1 62. 
Masson,  Mediaval  France,  \\\    C56. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  263-266,  303  -396,  389,  590. 
Poole,  Wyclifje  and  the  Movements  for  Reform. 
Pastor,  History  oj  the  Popes,  I,  Ilk.  i,  Chs.   1,   ■. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  I,  488-510. 
Trans,    ami   Reprints,    Univ.   of  Penn.,  II,  No.  5;   III, 

No.  (k 
Thatcher  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  577-5S0,  53S,  539. 
Van   Dyke,  Age  oj  the  Renasence,  1-10,46-62,'")  71. 
Walker,  The  Reformation,  1-42. 
West,  Modern  History,  155,  156,  i7y-i.S2. 


76 


XL.     The  Movement  for  Conciliar  Reform  and  its  Results. 

A.     Out!  inc. 

(i)   Origin  of  the  conciliar  movement  in  the  desire  to  reform  the 

Church  by  legal  means.     Idea  of  a  council  superior  to  the 

Pope  takes  form.     The  great  ecumenical  councils  of  the 

early  Church  and  their  work. 

(2)  Stand  taken  by  the  University  of  Paris  for  conciliar  reform 
from  1381  on.  Arguments  for  and  against  the  superiority 
of  the  council  over  the  Pope.  Strength  of  the  papal  argu- 
ments. 

(3)  The  Council  of  Pisa  (1409).  Its  attempted  deposition 
of  Gregory  XII  (Roman)  and  Benedict  XIII  (French)  and 
the  election  of  new  Pope  Alexander  V,  who  is  succeeded, 
in  1410,  by  John  XXIII  (1410-1415).     Three  papers. 

(4)  The  Council  of  Constance  (1414-1417)  and  its  work. 

1.  Summoned  by  the  Emperor  Sigismund,  with  the  re- 
luctant consent  of  John  XXIII,  on  account  of  the 
failure  of  the  Council  of  Pisa  to  enforce  its  depositions 
and  reform  the  schism. 

2.  Character  importance  and  composition  of  the  council. 
Its  three-fold  task  —  (a)  To  heal  the  schism;  (b)  To 
extirpate  heresy;  and  (c)  To  reform  the  Church  "in 
head  and  members." 

(a)  The  Great  Schism  healed  by  the  deposition  or 
resignation  of  the  three  existing  popes  and  the 
election,  in  141 7,  of  Martin  V.  Decree  of 
Sacrosancta,  14 15. 

(b)  The  life  and  teachings  of  John  Huss  of  Bohemia. 
His  trial  and  execution  at  the  council,  1414-1415. 
The  Hussite  wars  in  Bohemia,  1419-1431. 

(c)  Failure  of  the  council  to  reform  the  abuses  in 
the  Church  after  three  years  of  discussion.  The 
decree  Frequens,  1417.  List  of  abuses  to  be 
later  considered. 

3.  Healing  of  the  Great  Schism  the  only  important  result 
of  the  Council  of  Constance.  Its  failure  to  check 
heresy  or  reform  the  evils  in  the  Church.  Martin  V's 
ineffective  reform  decrees. 

(5)  The  Council  of  Basel  called  by  Martin  V,  in  1431,  to  devise 
means  to  suppress  the  Hussites.     Peace  with  the  moderate 

77 


Bohemians  in  i  i ,  |      Eugenius  [V  and  the  conciliar  Pope, 
Felix  V.     Failure  of  the  conciliar  part}  and  their  submis 
sion  in  i  1 19. 

(6)  Council  of  Ferrara  Florence,  [438  1439,  called  by  Eugenius 
IV.  (1431    1  1  ; 

1.  Chief  question  was  thai  of  the  union  of  eastern  and 
western  churches.  Desire  of  Greek  Empire  to  get 
western  aid  against  Turks. 

.-    Union  of  churches  agreed  <>n  with  reservations,  l>ut 
later  repudiated  by  Greek  Church.     Two  really  im 
portant  results  <>f  the  council     -(</)  Triumph  of  the 
Pope  over  the  Council  of  Basel,  and  (b)  the  coming 
dl"  learned  Greek  scholars  t«>  ftaly. 

(7)  End  of  the  conciliar  movement  <>f  the  fifteenth  century. 
Failure  of  the  attempt  at  reform  from  within  and  beginning 
<>f  tin"  worldly  Papacy  of  the  Italian  Renaissance  with 
Xii  holas  Y     (1447-1455). 

/■>'.     References. 
(1)  Prescribed — Robinson,   Western  Europe,   $11—320;   Readings,  216- 

-•  1 S. 
(j)  Collateral  —  Adams,    Civilization,   404—415;     European    History, 

286  288. 
Duruy,    History  oj  the   Middle  Ages,   473,    512-516. 
Harding,  Mediceval  and  Modern  History,  266-271. 
Henderson,  Short   "History  oj  Germany,  1,  203-227. 
Lodge,  ( 'lose  oj  tin-  Middle  Ages,  [96—242. 
Myers,  The  Middle  Ages,  266-269,  420,421. 
Pennsylvania  Trans,  and  Reprints,  III,  No.  6. 
Pastor,  History  oj  the  Popes,  Vol.  I,  Bk.  i,  Ch.  3;   Bk. 

ii,  ( 'lis.  1,  2. 
Creighton,  History  0}  the  "Papacy,  Vol.  I,  see  contents. 
Leu,  History  0/ the  Inquisition,  Vol.  II,  ('lis.  Yll    VIII. 
Robinson,  Readings  in  European  History,  Vol.  I,  511  — 

5I5- 
Thati  her  and  Schwill,  Middle  Ages,  570,  571,  580-582. 
Van  Dyke,  Age  of  the  Renasence,  69—121. 
Whitcomb,  Modern  Europe  33-39. 


REVIEW  QUESTIONS  ON  TOPICS   XXXII-XL    OF  THE 
OUTLINE. 

XXXII-XXXIII. 
(1)  Dis<  uss  the  linguistic  side  of  mediaeval  culture  ami  show  how  the  modern 
languages  developed  in  two  main  groups. 

73 


(2)  Give  some  examples  of  the  chief  literary  productions  in  the  various 

national  languages  especially  German,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  French. 

(3)  Describe  and  contrast  French  and  Provencal  literature  in  the  later  middle 

ages  and  attempt  an  explanation  of  the  causes  of  difference. 

(4)  How  were  chivalry  and  vernacular  literature  closely  connected?     Define 

chivalry    and    knighthood    and    discuss    their  ideals.     Who  was  con- 
sidered the  ideal  knight  of  romance,  and  why? 

(5)  Why  were  the  people  of  the  middle  ages  so  ignorant  of  the  past  and 

so  credulous  of  wonderful    and  miraculous    things?     What    was    the 
character  of  mediaeval  science? 

(6)  Explain  or  comment  on  —  (a)  "Caballus";  (b)  Ulfilas;   (c)  Nibclungen- 

lied;    (d)  Beowulf;    (e)   Aucassin    and    Nicolette;    (f)   Minnesingers; 
(g)  Holy  Grail;   (h)  Jongleurs;  (i)  Villehardouin. 

xxxiv-xxxv. 

(1)  What  was  the  character  of  mediaeval  painting?  Describe  the  various 
classes  of  mediaeval  illustrations  that  have  come  down  to  us. 

(2)  What  part  did  sculpture  play  in  mediaeval  art  ?  How  did  mediaeval 
sculpture  differ  from  ancient  sculpture?  Was  there  any  special  reason 
for  such  a  difference  except  lack  of  skill? 

(3)  Why  is  architecture  called  the  "dominant  art"  of  the  middle  ages? 
How  would  you  distinguish  a  Romanesque  cathedral  ?  What  were  the 
main  peculiarities  of  the  Gothic  and  what  were  the  tendencies  of  this 
style  ? 

(4)  Discuss  the  secular  architecture  of  the  later  middle  ages.  What  secular 
buildings  were  the  most  imposing  and  magnificent,  what  were  the 
strongest  and  most  permanent  ? 

(5)  What  disadvantages  did  scholars  have  to  face  up  to  the  twelfth  century? 
What  parts  of  Europe  were  best  equipped  with  schools  during  that 
period. 

(6)  Sketch  the  life  and  work  of  Abelard  and  discuss  his  real  connection  with 
the  university  movement  of  the  later  twelfth  century. 

(7)  Describe  briefly  the  beginnings  of  university  instruction  at  Paris,  Bo- 
logna, and  Oxford.     Where  else  did  universities  soon  appear? 

(8)  Discuss  the  academic  degrees,  the  methods  of  instruction,  and  the  courses 
of  study  of  the  mediaeval  universities.  How  did  these  universities 
differ  most  markedly  from  our  universities  of  to-day  ? 

(9)  Who  was  "  the  Philosopher"  ?  'Why  was  he  held  in  such  great  estimatii  in 
and  how  did  he  influence  mediaeval  education? 

(10)  Define  scholasticism?  Who  upheld  it?  Who  attacked  it  and  why? 
What  is  incompatible  with  modern  scientific  methods  in  the  scholastic 
system  ? 

(n)   Into  what  two  parts  can  we  divide  the  middle  ages?     Describe  the 

conditions  in  western  Europe  during  the  first  part. 
(12)  Enumerate  the  important  changes  that  had  taken  place  or  were  taking 

place  in  western  Europe  towards  the  close  of  the  middle  ages. 

XXXVI-XXXVIII. 

(1)  Discuss  Edward  I's  relations  with  Wales  and  with  Scotland,  referring 
briefly  to  the  earlier  history  of  each  of  these  countries.  How  did  the 
troubles  between  England  and  Scotland  finally  end. 

79 


1  'hi  import. mi  development  in  English  government  wa  under 

mi «l  1  and  II  .mi I  ii>>\v  did  the  new  force  manifest  it  i  II  ' 
M  ike  an  outline  of  the  causes,  chief  events  with  dates,  and  most  h 
t.uii  results  for  England  and  France  of  the  Hundred  \e.n  .'  V, 

the  social  and  economi<  conditions  during  the  war  in— (a)  I  ranee 

anil  d.       Win    wen-    the    social     ami     economic    <  lumps   ill 

land  moil-  important  than  in  Fran 
\ plain  or  comment  on  — -(a)  "Prince  of  Wales";  (6)  Balliol  and  Bruce; 
/an  Artevclde;  (d)  Flcur  de  I  tates  General  and  Parliament; 

Etienne  Marcel;    (g)    Bertrand  du  Guesclin;    (//>    Piers  Plowman; 
Lancastrian  House;  (j)  Armagnacs;  (k)  Philip  the  Good 

(6)  Describe  tin-  career  of  Joan  of  An    from  her  appearance  as  the 

of  I  lam  i-  to  her  execution.     Were  the  English  justified  in  putting  hei  L<  i 
death?     Who  rise  was  to  blame  for  her  ■hath.'' 

(7)  What  caused  the  War-,  of  the  Roses?  How  were  the  rival  armies  re- 
cruited? Which  party  was  at  in  1  victorious  and  how  did  the  long 
struggle  finally  end?     What  important  results  did  these  wars  have? 

(8)  How  was  order  restored  in  Fram  e  and  the  power  of  the  ruin-  im  reased 

after  tin-  war?      Why  were  these  measures  lieiicfic  ial  at  the  lime? 

(9)  How  did  the  French  kings,  Charles  VII,  ami  Louis  XI,  destroy  the"new 

feudalism"?     Follow  the  fortunes   of    tin-    house    of    Burgundy  from 
1363  to  1.17S.     Who  succeded  to  the  Burgundian  power? 

(10)  Explain  or  comment  on  —  (a)  Commines;  (6)  Froissart;  (c)  Granson 
and    Murten;    (J)  Mary  of  Burgundy;    (c)  Character  of  Louis  XI. 

XXX1X-XK. 

(1)  What  important  problem  had  to  lie  faeed  by  the  new  national  slates  at 

the  close  of  the  middleages?     What  is  the  real  significance  of  Boniface 
\  Ill's  unsuccessful  contest   with  Philip  the  Fair? 
!  liscuss  Philip  the  Fair's  policy  towards  the  Pope  and  the  Church.     By 
whom  was  he  advised  and  what   body  did   he  consult?    What  did  he 

fori  e   Pope  (dement  V    to  flo? 

What  evils  arose  from  the  Babylonian  captivity  of    the  Church?      Whal 

country  resented  the   Pope's  claims,  and  why  ?    Who  appeared  as  the 
national  champion  —  follow  his  career  and  work  to  its  1  lose  ? 

1  ■'  Explain  the  origin  of  the  Great  Schism.  How  did  it  become  worse  in 
1400  and  what  effect  did  it  have  on  Europe?  How  was  it  finally 
ended  ? 

(5)   Where  did  the  idea  of  conciliar  reform  originate?      How  many  important 
councils  were  held  in  the  first   half   of   the    fifteenth   century  and  what 
was  the  result  as  far  as  reform  was  concerned?      What  did  this  mean  ? 
I  xplain  the  connection  between  theWycliffe  and  Huss  movements,  and 
give  an  account  of  the  life  and  work  of  John   Huss  and  of  his  trial. 

(7)    Discuss  the  work  of  the  Council  of  Ferrara-Morein  e  and  its  results. 
Explain  or  comment  on  —  (a)  Clericis laicos;   (b)  Papal  "jubilee";   (c) 
Provisors;     (d)    Simple    priests;     (<■)    John    XXIII;    (/)  Sacrosancta; 
i  irlin  Y;  (/;)  Utraquists;  (/)  Frequens;  (/)  Council  of  Basel. 

End  in'  Part  I. 

So 


ANNOUNCEMENTS 


AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE 
HISTORY     OF    WESTERN     EUROPE 

By  JAMES  HARVEY  ROBINSON 
Professor  of  History  in   Columbia   University 


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the  modern  European  states  have  received  much  fuller  treat- 
ment than  has  been  customary  in  histories  of  this  compass. 

The  work  is  thoroughly  scholarly  and  trustworthy,  since 
the  writer  has  relied  either  upon  the  most  recent  treatises  of 
the  best  European  authorities  of  the  day  or  upon  a  personal 
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IT  is  now  generally  recognized  among  teachers  of  history  that 
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In  this  way  the  statements  in  the  text-book  may  be  amplified  and 
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greatest  variety  of  material,  much  of  which  has  never  before 
found  its  way  into  English. 

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THIS  short  history  of  England  is  about  midway  in  length 
between  the  shorter  school  histories  and  the  longer 
works  which  are  of  value  chiefly  to  advanced  students 
or  as  books  of  reference.  It  is  admirably  adapted  for  use 
in  colleges  and  in  high  schools  that  offer  a  rather  complete 
course  in  English  history. 

The  early  period  is  treated  in  some  detail  in  the  belief  that 
it  will  be  comparatively  easy  to  make  clear  the  later  story  of 
the  events  in  the  national  life,  if  the  foundation  is  well  laid  in 
a  knowledge  of  what  kind  of  country  England  is,  who  the  Eng- 
lish people  were,  and  what  were  their  fundamental  customs 
in  language,  government,  religion,  and  economic  organization. 

A  great  many  persons  and  a  great  many  events  often 
included  in  text-books  have  been  omitted  in  order  that  those 
which  are  more  significant  can  be  given  enough  space  and 
attention  to  show  their  real  character  and  importance.  For 
the  same  reason  less  attention  has  been  given  to  military  than 
to  civil  history.  For  instance,  the  space  given  to  the  Wars  of 
the  Roses  has  been  reduced  as  much  as  possible  in  order  to 
give  sufficient  emphasis  to  the  Reformation. 

In  choosing  the  illustrations  especial  care  has  been  taken 
that  they  should  be  really  illustrative  of  the  text,  giving  visible 
testimony  and  reality  to  what  has  there  been  stated  in  words. 
Each  one  of  the  large  number  of  maps  is  devoted  to  the 
explanation  of  one  particular  object,  the  ideal  in  text-book 
maps  being  illustration  rather  than  use  for  repeated  detailed 
reference. 


GINN  &  COMPANY  Publishers 


TEXT-BOOKS  ON    HISTORY 


Abbott's  History  and  Description  of  Roman  Political  In- 

stitntiona 5 

Allen's  Short  History  of  the  Roman  People 

Channing  and   Hart's  Guide  to  the  Stud)  ol   American 

History 

Cheyney's  Short  History  of  England 

Cooper,  Estill,  and  Lemmon's  History  of  Our  Country  . 
Emerton's  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Middle  Ages 

Emerton's  Mediaeval  Europe  (814-1300) 

Kemp's  History  for  Graded  and  District  Schools     .     .     . 

Lawless  Essentials  of  American  History 

Mace's  Method  in  History 

Montgomery's  Beginner's  American  History 

Montgomery's  Leading  Facts  of  American  History.  .  . 
Montgomery's  Leading  Pacts  of  English  History  .  .  . 
Montgomery's  Leading  Facts  of  French  History  .  .  . 
Montgomery's    Student's    American    History.       (Revised 

Edition) 

Myers's  General  History.     (Revised  Edition)       .... 

Vi 'lume  I 

Volume  II 

Myers's  Ancient  History.  (Revised  Edition)  .... 
Myrs's  Eastern  Nations  and  Greece.  (Revised  Edition) 
Myers's  History  of  Rome.     (Revised  Edition)      .... 

Myiis's  History  of  Greece 

Myers's  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History.  (Revised  Edition) 
Myers's  Outlines  of  Nineteenth  Century  History      .    . 

Myers's  The  Middle  Ages 

Myers's  The  Modern  Age 

Myers's  Rome:   Its  Rise  and  Fall 

Myers  and  Allen's  Ancient  History 

Riggs's  Studies  in  United  States  History 

Robinson's  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Western  Europe 

Volume  I 

Volume  II 

Robinson's  Readings  in  European  History.     Volume  I 

Volume  II 

Abridged  Edition 

Webster's  History  of  Commerce 


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•5° 
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C;iXN   &   COMPANY   Publishers 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 

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